Archimedes Essay examples -- Biographies Bio Biography

People have been aware of objects floating on water or sinking since before record history. It was not until Archimedes of Syracuse came along, that the theory of flotation and the buoyancy principle were defined. Archimedes was born at Syracuse on the island of Sicily in 287 BC. His father, Phidias, is thought to have been an astronomer who spy the size and distances of the sun and moon. Archimedes might have been related to King Hieron the second, King Hieron definitely favored Archimedes as his first philosopher. As a young boy, Archimedes essential a life-long interest in the study of the heavens. As a teen he traveled to Egypt where he studied at the great Library of Alexandria, mayhap under the followers of Euclid.Archimedes is often described as being absentminded, self-absorbed, and somewhat eccentric. Despite these personal attributes, he was recognized in his own time as a genius, and is revered today as one of the greatest figures in the history of science and mathematic s. It is not known if Archimedes did marry or if he had some(prenominal) kids, Archimedes first love was always mathematics. He is also known today to have been an experimental physicist, legendary philosopher, artistic engineer and a wise inventor. He would often spend days so intently fixed on solving a problem that he neglected both food and himself to a point that his friends would carry him kicking and fighting to the bath. He often stooped to the ground to work mathematical problems by drawing figures in the dirt. He is make up said to have carried a small wooden tray filled with sand, which he used to draw his figures and work on his mathematical problems. You might think of this tray as our moderne day lap-top or another recording device. Of course,... ... felt guilty to be so stupid to have send a soldier to name Archimedes from his studies. In his triumph he provided Archimedes with an honorable burial and befriended his dead relative.On Archimedes grave stone there i s an inscription of Pi, I think his to the highest degree illustrious discovery. Finally a sphere with a cylinder and the 23 ratio of the volumes (the solution to the problem), which he took pride as his greatest achievement.Finally, Archimedes lived from 287B.C to 212 B.C, spending most of his life in his home land. Not much is known about his childhood or about him growing up but without him or modern world wouldnt be the same. Thanks to him we have improved inventions and theories and/or formulas. Such as, the determination of circular area, he approximated more precisely than anyone to date, near development of the Calculus, Quadrature of the parabola, and umpteen more.

Poor Richards Almanac Essay -- essays research papers

First published by Benjamin Franklin in 1732, Poor Richards Almanack was a guide to both weather forecasts and refreshful sayings. Franklin used the pseudonym Richard Saunders in writing the text, which became an annual publication up until 1757. Response to the almanac was tremendous, and it sold as many as 10,000 issues a year. southward only to the bible, Poor Richards Almanack was one of the most popular and purchased publications in colonial America. The almanac stressed the two qualities Franklin found to be essential to success, patience and frugality. Benjamin Franklin wrote this in hope of having a positive effect on the colonies.Franklin wrote Poor Richards Almanack as a service to the American people, hoping to educate them and lure their intellectual cravings. Since it was extremely common for the almanac to be the only publication a person ever purchased, Franklin felt indebted to write as untold as he possibly could. This important publication opened the discussio n of many important issues people did not previously think about in their daily exchange (Giblin 24). From guidance on friendship to a prediction on the seasons weather, Poor Richards Almanack was a must-have on all(prenominal) colonists list.Poor Richards Almanack contained advice and readings having to do with many various subjects including women, marriage, economy, servants, wit, law, food, security, wealth, vi...

Comparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and H

Comparing Knowledge in Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy and Humes An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Rationalists would strike that knowledge comes from reason or ideas, while empiricists would answer that knowledge is derived from the senses or impressions. The difference between these two philosophical schools of thought, with respect to the distinction between ideas and impressions, lavatory be examined in order to determine how these schools determine the source of knowledge. The distinguishing factor that determines the perspective on the foundation of knowledge is the concept of the divine. Descartes is a prime fount of a rationalist. Descartes begins his Meditations on First Philosophy by doubting his senses in the premier supposition. From time to time I Descartes have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once(Descartes 12). In the second meditation, Descarte s begins to rebuild the world he broke down in the first meditation by establishing cogito ergo sum with the aid of natural light. It is with this intuition that the cogito is established, from the cogito, intellect, from the intellect, knowledge thus knowledge has been defined in this world that Descartes is constructing from scratch. Descartes uses the fact that he is a thinking thing to establish the existence of other things in the world with the cosmological and ontological arguments, as well as a meditation on truth and falsity. So now I seem to be able to lay it down as a general rule that some(prenominal) I perceive very clearly and distinctly is true (Descartes 24). Descartes only utilizes his perceptions to establish ideas of the things t... ...traced back to original impressions.The source of knowledge is not a matter that is universally agreed upon. To rationalists, who usually have a sense of the divine, innate ideas give them cause to base knowledge in reason, b eing derived from ideas. To empiricists, who do not hold innate ideas to be valid, knowledge is unearthed through the senses, derived from observations. The presence of a concept of the divine is the deciding factor of whether knowledge originates from the senses or the ideas.Works CitedAristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin. Hackett Publishing Company Indianapolis. 1985.Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. Translated by John Cottingham. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. 1996.Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. 2nd edition. Hackett Publishing Indianapolis. 1993.

Teaching Philosophy :: School Learning Education Essays

Philosophy At this point in my study in education, I have become accustomed to the educational Philosophies of essentialism and social reconstruction. I tend to lean toward essentialism much, because I think there needs to be more emphasis placed on reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies. I have an interest in social reconstruction, because I heart students need to be encouraged to voice communication and maybe even attempt to help solve social problems. I strongly feel this Philosophy is dependent on the grade level of the students. I want to become an educator, because I love to teach things to other people. Also, in the time that we are living in, I feel there is a swell need for teachers who have good moral character. I believe that by being a teacher, that I entrust be a good specimen for students to follow. I want to have a classroom that is bright and cheery, and on that will enhance learning. I want it to be a place where students feel loved a nd accepted. I do not want them to feel afraid to try or to make mistakes. I want my classroom to be a place where students can learn and have fun at the same time. I do no mean it will be laxed, but it will have a controlled comfortable atmosphere, so that students can learn. The students desks will be arranged in rows that are horizontal to one another. They will be veneer toward the area of instruction. The students will be seated according to their behavior. For example, to eliminate disruptions, I will seat a talkative child next to a pipe down child. The bulletin boards in my classroom will reflect the time of the current season. Most importantly, I plan to have a list of classroom rules stick on on the wall, in an area where all the students can see them. I also play to have school menus as well as a calendar posted on the bulletin board. I think it is important for the classroom to have a overhead projector. This will be used as an aide to help students learn. I would like to have computers in my classroom that will be installed with educational programs. Each student will have assenting to educational materials such as textbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopedias. I will establish an authoritarian classroom, because without authority, it is impossible to get anything accomplished.

Alan Bennetts A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essay -- Play Criticis

Alan Bennetts A Cream Cracker Under the SetteeHow does Alan Bennett reveal Doris character, life and pose in the dramatic monologue a cream cracker under the settee?Many of Bennetts characters are unfortunate and downtrodden, as in the Talking Heads serial publication of monologues that was first performed at the Comedy Theatre in London in 1992, and consequently transferred to television. This was a sextet of poignantly comic pieces, each of which portrayed some(prenominal) stages in the characters decline from their initial state of denial or ignorance of their predicament, through their slow realization of the hopelessness of their situation, to a typically bleak Bennett conclusion.The dramatic monologue, a cream cracker under the settee is from that group of six. It is from the point of view of an elderly lady called Doris, who is insistent that the world of her time is much better then the present. She dwells on the past and tells of how things were back then, and how it has changed for the worst. She had fallen while cleaning a date of her husband Wilfred and most of the monologue is from Doris sitting on the floor in her living room where she fell. Her attitude to the modern world is that it used to be better then it is forthwith, this also shows why she is disapproving of her home help, Zulema, who had not cleaned the picture in the first place.Throughout the play Bennett reviles Doris character by showing her affection to the past, she talks to old photographs of her dead husband, Wilfred, and talks aloud to him. This indicates Doris apparent privacy and how she feels left behind by the rest of her generation. When talking about the people she new in the past like Wilfred, she takes on there voice, this shows how she... ...e says it is and sends him away, police musical composition are you alright? Doris No. Im all right. This shows how Doris would rather die then loose her independence as she does not want anyone to appreciate that she cannot take care of herself. This also shows how she has worked herself into a state of mind where she cannot allow herself to give in to the hardship of old age, and refuses to except anyones help, this could also be because she is embarrassed about the situation she has got herself into.At the end of the monologue the last stage directions are light fades this shows how they are suggesting that Doris life has come to an end and she has effrontery up, you can also take this view from her last line, never mind. Its done with now, anyway. This leads us to the conclusion that Doris has given up, and knows it is time for her life to end, and that it is done with now.

Alan Bennetts A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essay -- Play Criticis

Alan Bennetts A Cream Cracker Under the SetteeHow does Alan Bennett reveal Doris character, life and attitude in the dramatic monologue a weft cracker under the settee?Many of Bennetts characters be unfortunate and downtrodden, as in the Talking Heads series of monologues that was primary performed at the Comedy Theatre in London in 1992, and then transferred to television. This was a sextet of poignantly comic pieces, each of which portrayed several stages in the characters decline from their initial state of denial or ignorance of their predicament, through their slow realization of the hopelessness of their situation, to a typically bleak Bennett conclusion.The dramatic monologue, a cream cracker under the settee is from that group of six. It is from the point of view of an elderly lady called Doris, who is insistent that the world of her time is much better then the present. She dwells on the past and tells of how things were back then, and how it has changed for the worst. Sh e had fallen while cleaning a picture of her husband Wilfred and most of the monologue is from Doris sitting on the floor in her life sentence room where she fell. Her attitude to the modern world is that it used to be better then it is now, this also shows why she is disapproving of her home help, Zulema, who had not cleaned the picture in the first place.Throughout the play Bennett reviles Doris character by showing her affection to the past, she talks to old photographs of her dead husband, Wilfred, and talks aloud to him. This indicates Doris apparent loneliness and how she feels remaining behind by the rest of her generation. When talking about the people she new in the past like Wilfred, she constitutes on there voice, this shows how she... ...e says it is and sends him away, police man are you alright? Doris No. Im all right. This shows how Doris would rather die then loose her independence as she does not want anyone to think that she groundworknot take care of herself. This also shows how she has worked herself into a state of mind where she cannot allow herself to give in to the hardship of old age, and refuses to except anyones help, this could also be because she is upset about the situation she has got herself into.At the end of the monologue the last stage directions are light fades this shows how they are suggesting that Doris life has come to an end and she has given up, you can also take this view from her last line, never mind. Its done with now, anyway. This leads us to the conclusion that Doris has given up, and knows it is time for her life to end, and that it is done with now.

Rage Against Machine Three Rebels Essay

The admirers of the fables Emma by Jane Austen, My Name is Asher Lev by Chaim Potok, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain all share a rebellious move that both serves them well and causes them trouble in their respective novels. However, these protagonists didnt operate with a wild disregard to the rules of their society and times. Rather, all three characters are encumber in the end by the mores of priggish England, Orthodox Jewish society and 19th century S kayoedhern values respectively.Exploring such aspects of Emma, My Name is Asher Lev, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, as theme, historic context, and psychological traits, it will be shown that despite Emma Woodhouses disdain for the institution of marriage, Asher Levs living in the two seemingly opposite worlds of ruse and Jewish society, and Huckelberry Finns lack of respect for affectionate refinement and rules, the three protagonists did not entirely succeed in their goals of living hold outs th at went against the grain of their societies. Emma Woodhouse was described in the pages of Emma as a handsome, clever, and rich (Austen, p. 1, 1816) young woman who was the apple of her doting fathers eye and the mistress of Hartfield, their family estate. Taking credit for the union of her former governess and a Mr. Weston, Emma decided to further hone her matchmaking skills by setting up her friend Harriet metalworker with various men of higher social status. This interest in Harriet Smiths marriage prospects directly contradicts Emmas own quest to remain single in a society that offered women only bleak alternatives to marriage. condescension Emmas twin resolves to remain single and find Harriet a suitable mate, Emma eventually caved into the demands that were made on women of high social status when she gets engaged and realized that Harriet marrying a farmer named Robert Martin would forever alter their relationship. Asher Lev, the protagonist of My Name is Asher Lev, had love d to draw ever since he was small. His father, an important mental image in the Ladover community, tried to discourage his word of honor from getting too serious astir(predicate) his art while his mother implored Asher to draw pictures that were pretty, an assault to her sons melancholy artistic temperment.Despite reading in an art book that an artist should be free of religion, country, etc, Asher decides that he will try to balance organism a devout Jew with being a passionate artist. Under the guidance of Jacob Kahn, a non-practicing Jewish artist, Ashers art and his knowledge flourishes as he explores the use of crucifixes in his work. Asher is uneasy about showing the crucifixion pictures in a show, but he goes through with it, being true to his calling as an artist. The crucifixes ultimately prove to be Asher Levs undoing as he is shunned by his parents and the Ladover community in general.Huckleberry Finn, the protagonist in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is an adoles cent son who enjoys looking for trouble with his friend Tom sawyer beetle way more than trying to become a civilized boy at the hands of the widow and Miss Watson. After running away from his wino father, he decides to travel with Jim, who left Miss Watsons house after he found out that Miss Watson was thinking of selling him. Even though Huckleberry Fin grows attached to Jim, he harbors doubts throughout the story about hiding a runaway slave.He even thinks about turning Jim in onward deciding that having a conscience just wasnt worth the mental agony of losing his friend. In the end, the protagonists rebellious act of helping a slave shunning his captors prove to be for nothing as Miss Watson, his former master, decides to set him free. All three novels have themes that somehow relate book binding to rebellion or freedom. In Emma, the protagonist told her friend Harriet Smith that she never intended on getting married, a bold pronouncement in Victorian England.Her reasons are simple Fortune I do not want employment I do not want consequence I do not want I believe few married women are half as much mistress of their husbands house as I am of Hartfield (Austen, p. 74, 1816) What Emma was saying was that her social status allowed her the freedom to chart her own course throughout life, an option putn to few women at the time. some other way that Emma tried to rebel against the social customs of Victorian England was to find her friend Harriet a mate of high social status.Since Harriets bloodline was unknown, nearly people would have scoffed at a pairing of Harriet with a man like Mr. Elton or Frank Churchill. Mr. Knightley echoes this sentiment when talking to Mrs. Weston Hartfield will only grade her out of conceit with all the other places she belongs to. She will grow just refined enough to be uncomfortable with those among whom birth and circumstances have rigid her home. (Austen, p. 31,1816) Freedom is the overarching theme of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.At the beginning and end of the novel, the protagonist yearns to be free from the rules and civilization of 19th century polite Southern society. For a boy that seemed to be hemmed in by clean clothes and spelling lessons, floating on a raft must have seemed like heaven opposite places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft dont. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. (Twain, p. 134, 1985) The novel even ends with Huckleberry Finn promising to run away looking for more adventures, claiming that he been there before (Twain, p.296, 1985) with the civilized life. One of the themes of My Name is Asher Lev is the protagonists struggle between life as a devout Jew and life as an artist dedicated to his craft. This battle is evident on the starting page as Asher Lev introduces himself to a reader that is already familiar with his work. In this passage, Asher tears himself apart yet defends himself at the same time, showing uncertainty histori c period later with his decision to show the crucifixes I am an observant Jew. Yes, of course, observant Jews do not paint crucifixions.As a matter of fact, observant Jews do not paint at all-in the way that I am painting I am a traitor, an apostate, a self-hater, an inflicter of shame upon my family Well, I am no(prenominal) of those things. And yet, in all honesty, I confess that my accusers are not altogether wrong I am indeed, in some way, all of those things. (Potok, p. 1, 1972) It was established rather that Emma rebelled against Victorian society by resolving to stay single and fix up her friend Harriet with a man above her social status.As the novel ended with Emmas engagement to Mr. Knightley and Harriets engagement to Robert Martin, Emma realized that rebellion wasnt quite her cup of tea, deciding to let her friendship with Harriet fall to that of social goodwill The intimacy between her and Emma must sink their friendship must change into a calmer sort of goodwill (Aus ten, p. 435, 1816) At the start of the novel, Emma wanted to live her life according to her rules, but by the end became caught up in the social mores of Victorian England.Sharing the psychological trait of rebelliousness with Emma Woodhouse, Huckleberry Finn did everything he could to spring the stifling life of rules and convention, even traveling the length of the Mississippi River with a runaway slave. However, the protagonist almost gave in to social conventions several times when he seriously estimate about turning Jim in to the authorities. Huckleberry Finn even wrote a letter to Miss Watson telling her of Jims whereabouts, feeling better afterward.However, as Huckleberry Finn thought of all the things that Jim had done for him, he tears up the letter, saying All right, then, Ill go to hell (Twain, p. 223, 1985) The rebellious streak in Asher Lev started early. Even at a young age, Asher was willing to defend his gift, no matter the situation. For utilization, when Asher was called into the mashpias office for drawing a sinister picture of the Rebbe, Asher boldly stood up for his art to his disapproving father, something a polite Orthodox Jewish kid did not do in those times Foolishness is something thats stupidFoolishness is something a person shouldnt do. Foolishness is something that brings harm to the world. Foolishness is a waste of time. Please dont call it foolishness any more, Papa. (Potok, p. 129, 1972) Like Huckleberry Finn, Asher Lev knew how he wanted to live his life at a very young age. Also like Huck Finn, Asher was willing to thwart social conventions in inn to communicate this. Despite the rebellious streaks of Emma Woodhouse, Huckleberry Finn, and Asher Lev, the time periods in which the three novels take place largely serve to mute the three protagonists individuality.In Emma, for example, women of her class were pass judgment to be married. Those who didnt were largely seen as pathetic beings on which to take pity. The charact er of Miss Bates was presented as a ridiculous character, seen as a clown-like figure by Emma and others, and seen as an object of sympathy such characters as Mr. Knightley. Even Harriet Smith saw Miss Bates as someone to be pitied. However, Emma, Harriet, and even Jane Fairfax, thought to be doomed to a governess position, escaped Miss Bates fate by marrying according to the social customs of Victorian England.Rebellious in her youth, Emma realizes the error of her slipway and did her womanly duty. The vile tradition of slavery provided a subtle color to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Yes, the protagonist became close friends with a runaway slave. However, it was obvious that Huckleberry Finn was conflicted about this friendship. One example of this conflict occurred when the protagonist meets his friend Tom Sawyer , who was on his way to visit relatives.When Tom suggests that they steal Jim away from the Phelps farm, Huckleberry Finn is flabbergasted Well, I let go all holts , then, like I was shot. It was the most astonishing speech I had ever heard-and Im bound to say Tom Sawyer fell, considerable, in my estimation. (Twain, p. 235, 1985) In other words, it was ok for Jim to travel with Huck when they were in no danger of getting caught. Once caught, Jim was no longer Hucks problem. He was even surprised that anyone would go to the trouble of breaking the law to help a slave escape. Huckleberry Finn wasnt a bad person.He was just a victim of pre-Civil War America. Growing up an Orthodox Jew who was also a gifted artist in the mid 20th century was a odd situation for Asher Lev. Throughout My Name is Asher Lev, the protagonist had tried valiantly to combine being a devout Jew with being an even more devout artist. He observed the Jewish faith despite studying under a non-practicing Jewish artist and living in Europe for a while. At the end, something had to give in Ashers struggle between Judaism and art, and it ended up being his place in the Ladover community.As Asher walked down the street after the Rebbe cast him out of the community, he contemplates his life thus far I was demonic and devine Asher Lev was the child of the Master of the Universe and the Other Side. Asher Lev paints good pictures and hurts people he loves. (Potok, 367, 1972) From this passage, one feces see how Asher Lev wondered whether the sacrifice was actually worth the love of his parents and his community. The protagonists of Emma, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and My Name is Asher Lev all sought to do things that were not really done in their times.Emma Woodhouse sought to nourish the social status of her friend by marriage while remaining single herself in a time when both acts were looked down upon. Huckleberry Finn wanted to escape civilization while bringing along a runaway slave for company. Asher Lev wanted to combine the life of faith with the life of art in a time when no one would even think about the two concepts together. Ultimately, the times of the three rebel protagonists proved to be too much, dulling their mutinous acts.

Analysis of Priceline

Priceline Inc. is an online travel mesh site that helps customers worldwide purchase airfare, hotels, lease cars, and much more. The three categories I chose to psychoanalyze are business model and strategies, business finances, and expansion of the confederacy through encyclopaedisms. For Priceline to live with success, I believe the business model and how the company builds its model is passing important. Next, it is crucial that we look at the finances of the company to ensure it is profitable. The finances of the company are tied to the various acquisitions Priceline has acquired in the past few years. By looking at the companies Priceline has acquired, I strongly recommend investing in Priceline based off of the record profit posted by the company. Not altogether is Priceline profitable, the corporation also has an unique business strategy to make money. When assigned this paper, I began to use databases and Factiva to search for teaching about Priceline. I used the in formation found from databases and used them as research to support my report. I whence researched Pricelines marketing techniques as well as stock damages in severalise to elaborate on the companys finances. Finally, I learned about the companies Priceline has acquired over the years to expand its market armorial bearing. To figure out the formatting and social structure of this paper, I used other peoples reports as guidance.IntroductionPricelines business model includes value proposition of connecting vendors and customers. It consists of a receipts model where at that place are transaction fees and spread earned by the company between vendor and customer price. Launched in 1998, Priceline Inc. does not directly supply travel services, tho rather they bring buyers and sellers together to complete a transaction. Priceline saves consumers money by trading travel flexibility of brands and harvest features for sellers lower prices. Business Model and StrategiesEver since the schooling of the inter sort out, dot-com companies have been booming left and right. One of those companies founded during the dot-com boom was Priceline Inc., an online travel booking site that revolutionized the way consumers purchased air tickets, hotel elbow rooms, rental cars, and much more. Priceline Inc. developed and innovated a new system of Name your ownprice for customers to finalize their travels. They were able to turn excess inventory otherwise not sold by the airlines to consumers while at the same time price discriminate in order to maximize profits. In the airline industry, it is estimated that all 65% of the seats on a plane are occupied on a daily basis.Airlines definitely were looking a way to vend the rest of the inventory. However, they could not elevate these excess seats with special discount because in doing so, it would destroy its retail fare structure. Priceline was the solution to this as they are able to help shield airlines stigmatisation in dic kens different ways. First, when consumers try to name your own price on Priceline, they must choose travels between two cities. In this case, the airlines branding and product configurations are protected as customers have no base which airline they allow for be selecting. Only after(prenominal) a bid is accepted will they learn their exact flight information and itinerary. Secondly, Priceline protects those who are considered free riders. These are people who would receive the benefit of a discount but they are already willing to pay for an air ticket at a higher price (Eisenmann 47-48). Name Your Price GuaranteeFigure 1.1Source (Priceline.com) Revenue Generation Priceline is able to effectively cave in revenue one of two ways. First, it calculates a spread between the lowest prices offered by the Airline partner and the highest prices a customer is willing to pay. In this scenario, neither party the airline partner nor the customer have the option of knowing the asking price or the bid price. A customer has no idea what unpublished rate the airline is offering. Only Priceline would have this secret information. On the other hand, the airline does not get to see how much the consumers bid on the air ticket. For example, if a customer bids $300 on a ticket from LAX to JFK and the lowest unpublished rate for any given airline is $200, then the spread would be $100, which Priceline retains as its earnings. As seen from this model, profiting from the spread is highly undefeated given the economies of scale from customers (Eisenmann 47-48). Adaptive Marketing and Cross SubsidyFurthermore, Priceline also offers consumers to befall up their bids by participating in adaptive marketing and cross-subsidy promotional programs. For instance, Priceline could add $50 to an existing $100 bid to make it more promising that a ticket will be sold if one signs up for a credit card. If that is the case, the credit card company may pay Priceline $75 for every referral tha t signs up for the card. In this case, Priceline would simply pocket the difference. If the asking price for the ticket was already under $100, then Priceline would keep all of the money attack from credit card sponsorship (Eisenmann 48).Business Finances Early Stages of Priceline At the beginning of year 2000, Priceline had a market share of 3% of all airline tickets sold in the U.S. Attracting over 3.8 million unique visitors, Priceline sold tickets for all eight domestic airlines as well as 20 international carriers. One year after its establishment in 1998, Pricelines revenue was $482 Million in 1999 and $1 Billion in 2000 (Eisenmann 48).However, the dot-com bubble would halt Pricelines success only temporarily. 1999 was a tough year for Priceline as it stated a $1.1 Billion loss on its financial statement. Stock prices plunged from $974 to $7 a share. According to Walker, thither was a credibility issue within the organization and investors did not completely trust the dot-com industry. Pricelines financials would improve slowly. In 2002, Priceline reported a net loss of $19 Million. When CEO Jeff Boyd took over the company in 2002, Priceline stocks had suffered one of the worst drops in its brief history. But soon enough, Priceline was able to make a turnaround when it introduced William Shatner as the negotiator character out of the blue to help consumers save money. Instantaneously, people remembered the advertisements put up by Priceline and associated with Shatner, a former Star-Trek sensory facultys self-parody. William ShatnerFigure 1.2Source (Thepenaltyflagblog.com) From Loss to Profit Priceline started making a profit in 2003, but it wasnt until 2004 and 2005 when Boyd bought two European hotel reservation sitesthe U.K.s Active Hotels and Amsterdam-based Booking.com that Priceline hit a turning point. Pricelines earnings growth and stock market success since then have been attributable largely to those two acquisitionsBooking.com in particular. It would be tough to consider that theres been a better acquisition in Internet history, says Thomas White, an analyst at Macquarie Securities. Its why the stock has been such a home run, says White.Thomas White and Barclays DiClemente would confine that investors lack the knowledge that to the highest degree of the revenue come from overseas. Since Europeans have many more vacation days as Americans, it is not surprising that more revenue is inflowing from Europe. Jeff Boyd, the CEO of Priceline, was smart about targeting such a market in Europe. Moreover, the growth of discount airlines in Europe such as EasyJet and Ryanair have increased the popularity of city breaksthe European equivalent of a weekend getaway, states Birger. Earnings Report in 2012In 2012, Priceline keep to post better than pass judgment earnings reports. In the third quarter of 2012, Priceline reported third quarter revenues of $1.71 Billion, up 17.4% from a year ago in 2011. Also, Priceline beat the esti mate of $1.65 Billion project revenue determined previously by analysts. Non-GAAP profits stood at $12.40 a share, ahead of the estimate of $11.81 a share. Gross bookings came in at $7.8 billion, elevated 25.2% from a year ago. For quarter four in 2012, Eric Savitz of Forbes magazine states Priceline projected revenues to be up 21-28% or 22%-29% in local currency revenues are expected to improve 15%-22%, with non-GAAP profits of $6.12 to $6.57 a share. Consensus has been for $6.34 a share.Continuous Growth In the mean time, CEO Jeff Boyd continues to have high hopes for Priceline. Globally our hotel business grew room nights by 36% over the same period last year, compared to 39% growth in the second quarter, he said. Our rental car business grew rental car days by 35% over last year, an acceleration from 29% in the second quarter, led by improving results at Priceline.com and continued strong growth from Rentalcars.com. While we remain concerned about economic weakness across Europe , Asia and the U.S., the company intends to focus on solidifying its position as the worlds largest and most profitable online hotel reservation service by continuing to add hotels and other accommodations and better servicing our customers through constant innovation in our mobile and setting sites.As promised by Boyd, Priceline continued to show tremendous growth. On November 1st, 2012, Priceline stock was up $12.22 in regular session trading and jumped another $52 a share in after-hours trading to close at $638.95 (Savitz). Since then, Priceline sustains its momentum by reporting record earnings in the preceding quarters. Today, stock price for Priceline is even higher than few years ago. It currently trades at over $1,000 a share and constantly out competes against their rivals Expedia and Orbitz (Birger).10 Year Graph of Priceline (PCLN) Figure 1.3Source (Yahoo Finance) Acquisitions and Expansions Booking.com Priceline is on track to make a very good move because it is believe d that the online travel reservation market still has room for expansion in Europe. Priceline typically takes 15% of every transaction done on Booking.com in return, the hotels have a much better chance to market and advertise to potential customers. After Pricelines acquisition of Booking.com in July 2005 for $135 Million, its profits skyrocketed from $10 million in 2003 to $1.1 billion in 2011. No other acquisition has proven to be that successful in the 2000s (ONeill). Agoda and TraveljigSawIn addition, Priceline is increasing its brand in Asia via its Agoda brand and it is growing its rental cars division as well, aided by a 2010 acquisition of global car-rental site TravelJigsaw. Ever since these acquisitions of smaller travel companies, Priceline is able to expand its market cap while its stock prices surged over 500% in the pursuit five years (Birger). kayakIn 2012, Priceline Inc. continues its acquisition practice with the purchase of Kayak for $1.8 Billion. Shareholders of Kayak received $40 per share. Kayak is successful in that it brocaded $91 Million in the July 2012 IPO through selling of 3.5 Million shares at $26 apiece. It has processed 302 million queries across its web. Kayak and Priceline are two of the largest online-travel companies and it makes sense that these two companies would want to work together, of course, because they do have different strengths and different objectives, said Dan Marcec, an analyst at Emarketer. With the acquisition of Kayak, Jeff Boyd states that Pricelines intention is for Kayak to be operated independently under the leadership of existing management, as with our other hands, with a primary focus on building value for its customers and advertising partners (Levy).Conclusion Priceline Inc. operates as one of the biggest travel booking sites in the world. Its global presence in Europe and Asia as well in the Americas cannot be ignored. Priceline Inc. should be a company that is to be heavily invested in because o f its revenue and profit posted by the corporation. Its record breaking earnings in the billions should easily attract the eyes of a savvy investor. Priceline will continue to post earnings through the way it does business by matching consumers with vendors and earning the difference in prices. With its continuous acquisitions of smaller booking sites, Priceline is set on par to be the dominant and primary go to website when it comes to travel bookings. Without a doubt, its stock prices will continue to soar as it expands its presence in Asia.

Plato And Augustin Essay

1) WHAT IS PLATOS ATTITUDE TOWARD THE BODY? (300 Words)http//classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html In Platos work SYMPOSIUM there is much subtext to be found under the surface of what seems like a marginally focused conversation among several individuals. What is unique about this work is that inside the random bits of dialogue put forth there is a genuine unique cohesion that presents it self. That cohesion is present in the bureau in which the random gives way to the logical and nothing is more evident of this than what is found within Platos concept of the body. The body, at first, refers to the physical appearance of an individual. This physical appearance provides the basis for attraction for a loved iodine. However, this attraction is very matted and declarative mood of a surface level understanding of the individual. However, physical attraction is a strong emotion and maculation this attraction is devoid of depth it does give way to quantity. In other words, when physic al attraction is all that matters to an individual thence happiness derives from simply associating with more and more attractive bodies. This is about as vapid of a series of tender-hearted births as one could possibly involve oneself. It also bases relationships on errant randomness as an individual simply bounces from one attractive person to the other. Where Plato does redeem the image of the body is in the way he presents it as a conduit to deeper meaning. In other words, while there is a certain randomness and banality to chasing beauty this chase can lead one to a partner who offers far more than only what the body offers. Looks then become the conduit to true love, intellectual stimulation or a combination of both. This way the randomness found in the search for the best body merely acts as a transitory function in the sense that it eventually leads to the cohesiveness of a deep relationship. Well, hopefully anyway.2) HOW DOES AUGUSTINE VIEW HUMAN NATURE? (300 WORDS)http/ /www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XII.1.html The relationship between immortal and Gods subordinates has been debated for numerous years. Much of this debate derives from the fact that there has never been a definitive statement on what God truly intended from those whom God created. As such, much has been left to speculation and interpretation. Regarding human nature, St. Augustine examines the flaws inherent with such nature and links these flaws with fluctuations inherent with reason. To a peachy degree, Augustine notes that it is human nature to be flawed and much of this derives from reason. Augustine is clear to point out that there are a number of factors which separate humans from lesser beings and that while all things created from God are good humans have the capacity to deviate from natural order due to reason and passion. Hence, they can be prone to errors in judgment whereas lesser animals are not. Hence, human nature has the capacity for improvement but it also h as the capacity to great harm to the self or others. Augustine points out that often people will use God as a crutch. That is, because it is human nature to draw value from the external many will see themselves as weak and cleave to God because it is God that gives them strength, God that gives them reason, etc. This, however, diminishes the value of the human as the reliance of the self is gone. So, while this cleaving to God may have noble intentions (seek advice from the higher power) it is actually a sign of weakness and a rejection of the free will God has provided. Hence, it represents another smell of the flawed nature of humanity. Granted, while Augustine views human nature as a flawed entity he does equate flawed with bad. Flawed simply is the state of human nature and is neither good nor bad. It is simply the natural order of things.

“Whitebook”: Cross-Marketing Platform for Luxury Brands in Japan

Ad-comm Group Whitebook Cross- food merchandising Platform for Luxury Brands in Japan 1. What is a Whitebook? What authority(s) does it play in the Marketing strategy of Ad-comms client companies? Answers 15 lines maximum. Whitebook is a cross marketing plan, a magazine that is published in Japan every 4 months and which displays nine highlife brands in nine diverse types of product. The magazine is customized for each luxury sponsors. The Whitebook plays an important role in terms of marketing strategy as it is a brand ambassador and CRM tool.As the Whitebook is principally distributed through sponsors, the Whitebook butts a prequalified small group of costumers but right ones, right at the beginning. Being displayed in the magazine whoremonger be seen a recognition of being a top luxury brand and be therefore an award. The Magazine pass waters a strong kindred among the brands and the costumers, as the costumers find oneself privileged to receive special attention from t he brand. More everyplace the Whitebook organizes event as well, which gathers customers and one brand.Those events gives the opportunity for luxury brands to create a personal relationship (opposite relationship) with its customers, by telling its heritage and answering questions. 2. Take the perspective of the general manager of Porsche Japan. How would you assess the cost dominance or ROI of investing 20 cardinal smart a year to sponsor Whitbook? Would you be willing to be a sponsor? Why or why not? Answer by using a break-even analysis, and by calculating the expected customer lifetime determine (i. e. odays expected value of a customers purchases over the course of his/her life as a Porsche customer). 1 to 2 pages. a. You must know what a break-even analysis is this is when your return/revenue covers your investment in separate words how many cars to sell to repay for the investment in Whitebook? b. Customer life story value refer to the last class definition expected v alue of a customer over the course of his/her life as a customer = selling price of a Porsche x number of Porsches purchased in a lifetime.Be creative by using the data of the case and common sense. There is no magic formula. I will take your assumptions into consideration. c. Then the cost effectiveness can be assessed by comparing to belligerent offerings Porsche sales increased by 4. 55 ( 3000/658= 4. 55 p. 8) in 6 years. For a luxury brand, democratisation of the product also means loss of prestige and exclusivity. Whitebook is a way to keep the luxury film of the brand by creating a special relationship with the stovepipe costumers. 20 million Yen represents 2. % of the total marketing budget (p. 8). Assuming that an average price of Porsche is 75 000$ USD , in 6 years they grow sold for 175 650 000$ (75 000 x 2320) . 20 million Yen is equal to 214 241. 04$ USD which corresponds to 1 285 446. 24$ USD in 6 years. In terms of break-even analysis and stable assuming the ave rage price of 75 000 $, they need to sell 3 cars (2. 86) (214 241. 04 / 75 000) per year to repay their investment in Whitebook. However, the case mentions that 10% of the very important person customers own 8-9 Porsches (p. ), therefore we can assume that Porsche company sells at least 3 cars per year and therefore sponsoring Whitebook is profitable. In terms of Costumer Lifetime value, we shall gloss over assume the average price of 75 000$ USD per car and the number of Porsches purchased in a lifetime of 8. 5 (8-9 Porsches own over lifetime p. 8). The Costumer Lifetime Value is therefore equal to 637 500 (75 000 x 8. 5). Finally, in terms of cost effectiveness, if we look at exhibit 9, we see that the manufacturers suggested retail price of Whitebook is best advantageous compared to other selected print media in Japan.The manufacturers suggested retail price is relatively low (5 000 000 Yen) compared to the number of pages and the location. Lets take 25ans. The MSRP is 4 200 0 00 Yen for 2 pages on the back cover compared to 800 000Yen more for Whitebook (therefore 1. 19 more overpriced (5 000 000 / 4 200 000 = 1. 19) ) for 3 times more pages inside the magazine for Whitebook. It is then clear that Whitebook is more profitable compared to less expensive magazines in terms of cost effectiveness. Moreover 25ans targets womens luxury, however Porsche and fast cars are commonly known to be of mainly great interest for men.Concerning Esquire, the MSRP is 3 200 000 Yen of 2 pages on the back cover, Whitebook is 1 800 000 more (therefore 1. 5626 more expensive (5 000 000 / 32 000 000)) for 3 times more pages inside the magazine. Thus, Whitebook magazine is more profitable than Esquire. Moreover Esquire targets Mens fashion/lifestyle only, however purchase a Porsche can also involve women (Porsche Cayenne for example). Concerning Nikkei stock, the MSRP is 5 680 000 Yen of 2 pages on the back cover which target business customers. Compare to Whitebook, Nikkei Business is 1. 36 more expensive than Whitebook for less pages. Moreover the Nikkei Business target only business Concerning Asahi Newspaper, the MSRP is 22 500 000 Yen for full page. Compare toenail Whitebook, Asahi Newspaper is 4. 5 more expensive. Moreover, Asahi Newspaper targets general public, however Porsche wants to keep the luxury prestige and exclusive image of the brand by investing in a magazine, the target readers doesnt therefore correspond to the main aim of Porsche. In conclusion, Whitebook is the best investment in terms of cost effectiveness compared to competitive offerings. . Put yourself in the shoes of Andreas Dannenberg. Whitebook exploits opportunities (and leverages strength, addresses weaknesses, and counter threats) in the luxury market and advertising industry, and it helps Ad-comm stay ahead of potential capability improvements by Japanese and international competitors. What is Whitebook to you? What role(s) does it play in the marketing strategy of Ad- comm itself? Answer by using a SWOT analysis (for Ad-comm) to understand internal and external strategic position. 1 to 2 pages. In terms of Strengths Whitebook enables to be independent from Japanese Players * Doesnt have to be subcontracted by Japanese agencies * Target the right costumers * Plays a role of CRM tool * Create privilege relationships between the brands and the costumers * Maintain the luxury and exclusive image of the sponsors * Create events to signifier a face to face relationship and build a trust relationship in the long run with VIP costumers - the brand tells stories and heritage to the customer and the Japanese consumption, customers are choosing a brand mainly because of its heritage, recommendations of experts and experiences of family and friends. Plays a role of brand ambassador * Enable luxury companies to display the corporate portfolio * Enable luxury brands to make their cash flows easier In terms of Weaknesses * hold to Japanese market * Limited to the Japanese market * Implementation on international market requires global corporate decision In terms of Opportunities * Cross-marketing platform * Select prequalified targeted and top-tier customer Create a unique virtual experience for privilege guests as well trough its website and entry key * Track behaviors of target customers * The website tracks behaviors of target customers * Create events which can be an opportunity to launch a new product to a right target costumer * Enable luxury companies to get new costumers * Work as a CRM tool In terms of Threats * No competitors at the moment because is very selective and the nurture the relationship with the brand. However, competitors can come in the market, target also luxury clientele with more luxury brands or more subcategories * New competitors can come and create other type of cross-marketing platform like a privilege club which enables the brands to meet * New competitors can come an create the same magazine worthy for the global market or USA market which number of customers are greater 4. What would you do with the expansion opportunities described at the end of the case (pp. 10-13)? Would you lease (a) increasing the number of sponsors I the current Whitebook? b) replicating the current Whitebook in overseas market or (c) developing an alternative Whitebook focused on the new bumpy brand market? Why? Answer with Pros and Cons in 1 to 2 pages. (a) Increasing the number of sponsors I the current Whitebook Pros * enlarge flexibility when planning events * Increase quantity of events (number of events) * Increase quality of events, as more VIP customers and sponsor companies are available * Increase the use of CRM tool * Make the relationship between brand and consumer more visible Cons Additional cost could offset the fixed costs of production * Losing credibility * Losing trust with the brands * Losing luxury appeal because luxury is ground on scarcity and exclusivity (b) Replicating the curr ent Whitebook in overseas market (the best option because) Pros * Minimize additional effort and attention required to Whitebook * Provide cultivation opportunity for the account managers * Can introduce new categories in the book * Multinational sponsor already present in the Japanese version can be included in the overseas version * Already implemented in US, SingaporeCons * Theres a small budget required by sponsors * The decisions so fare are regional and not on corporate level * Changing the marketing strategy at a global level will be uncontrollable for Whitebook unless they change the whole corporate structure, which possible (c) Developing an alternative Whitebook focused on the new edgy brand market Pros * Maintain most loyal costumers * Help to acquire innovative customers * Guarantee of 50 000 targeted customers * Involves high-margin brand segments Developing new relationships with new companies Cons * Should redirect the target customers on young customers * Being part of a community takes out their own personality and uniqueness * Because edgy brands target young customers and customers prefer interactive marketing tools so edgy brand prefer to invest their marketing budget and events or promotions rather that printing marketing * Change the value of luxury image of the book * Because luxury is based on exclusivity and scarcity, including edgy brands will damage this luxury image

Peculiar Institution

lervns CH APT ER 8 The Peculiar Institution, Slaves Tell Their Own reputation ii THE PROBLEM With the establishment of its nelw government in 1789, ihe United States became a r. irtual rnagaet for foieign traveiers, perhaps nevenr more so than during the three Cecades immediately preceding our civil lVar. Niddle to up_ per class, interesied in everything from politics to prison reform to botanical specimens to the position of women in the Statesn society, these cu_ rious travelers fanrred out across the United States, and al close all w hokume about their observ-ations in ieLters, pamphlets, anci books widej-v read orr twain sides of rhe ocean.Regardlcss of their special interests, ho*. ever, ferv travelers f. itled to notice-an. d comment on-the peciiliar instrtution, of -frican Anre, rican slal,e,-v. As rlere narl-v nineteenth-cenlurr. onterr writers, English author Har_ i*t inter_ riet Martineau was especiaily tc exploit feminine siaves sexually, a practice that often produ ced mulatto children born into bondage. The young Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville came to study the Ameri_ can penitentiary transcription and stayed to investigate politics and society.In his book Democracy in America (1g42), Tocqueville expressed his belief that American slaves had completelr. lost their . drican cuiture-their custorns. lariguages, religions, ancl even ihe memories of their countries. An Eng_ ish novelist rvho 4/as enor. moLr_. lv poprrlar in the p16 Srrtr. -.. t-,. ested in those aspects of American so_ ciety that touched women and chil_ dren. She was appalled by the slave system, believing ii degadcd mar_ riage by aliowing Confederate white rnen 1791 ,ll . (ul,lAIt 3ftr1loN .rrls 1lll,l, ,tElR ON .+,r()ltY rusty Charles Dickens, also visited in 1842. He spent very petty(a) time in the South but collected (and published) advertisemenis lor runaway slaves that contained gruesome descriptions of their burns, brandings, scars, and iron culfs and collars. As Di ckens departed for a steamboat trip to bhe West. he wrote that he left with a glateful heart that I was not doomed to live where thraldom was, and had never had my s nses blunted to its wrongs and horrors in a slave-rocked cradle. I mer wrote to her infant that they are ugly, but appear for the most part cheerful and well-fed. 2 Her subsequent trips to the plar. lations of the th gir m( stz backcountry, however, increased her sympalhy for slaves and her distrust of white southerners assertions that slaves are the happiest people in the world. l In fact, by the end o. her stay, Bremer was praising ihe slaves morality, patience, la,cnts, and religior,s practices. to tht m( sla alc ev( gio m3 1850s, Fredrika Bremer, a Swedish novelist, traveled throughoul the United States for two vears and spent considerable time in Soulh Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana.After her first encounters with African Americans in Charieston, Bre- In the turbulent These traveiers-and many moreadded their o pinions to the growing liteiature about the nature of American slavery and its effects. But the over- sla dot pr( whelming majority of this literature was written by white people. What did the slaves themselves think? How did they express their feelings about the peculiar institulion of slavery? mi iio sla (aI SIn sla inc I it BACKGROUND JI F the wh 3i cilLBy the time of the American Revolution, rvhat haci begrrn in 1619 as a trick-le of Africans intended to supplement the farthestm labor of inderrtured servants from Engiano had sweiled to a slave population of approrimateiy 500,000 people, the majority concentrated on tobacco, rice. and cotton piantations in the South. Moreover, as the African American population greu, rvhat apparenuly had been a fairly- ioose and unregimented labor s-r. stem gradually evoived into an increasingly harsh, rigrd. and complete Charies Dickens. Anteri-can Notes arid Picrrres ircn 1lol-y rLcnCon Oxlold Unrversit. v Press. 1957), p. 3?. system of chatte l slavery that tried to control neariy every aspect of the slaves iives. By 1775, African Ameiican slavery had become a significant (some wouki have said indispensable) part of southern iife. The American Revoiution did nct reverse those trends. Although northern states in which African American slavery was nol so deeply rocted began instituting graduai emancipation, after the Revolution, the slave systemas well as its harshness-increased in the pio the Vir wh wh sec sor_ tha mo his no1 ag( 2. Fredrika Brenrer, ,nttri,ctt ol the Fi. fties i. Letters of Fredriha Brenier. cd. Adolph B.Benson (Nerv York melicrrr ,Scandinavian Foundation, I92-1r. p. 96. I e 3 ibid , p. 1r. t0 f1801 ITAOKGROUND the South. The invention ofthe cotton gin, which enabled seeds to be removed from the easily grown short stapie cotton, permitted southerners to cultivat,e collon on the uplands, scale, and sell-preservation other. . . . in the t the Lay, moOUS iftcan ,er- have on did drd t,he in that respectby spurring the westward movement of the piantation system anci slavery. As-a result, slaverv expanded along , with settlement into nearly bverv area of the South the . Gulf region, Tennessee, Kentucky, and uitimately Texas.Simulianeously, the slave population burgeoned, close to doubling every thirty years (from approximately 700,000 in 1790 to 1. 5 million in 1820 to morethan 3. 2 mitiion in 1850). Because importation of slaves from Africa was banned in 1808 (although there was some iilegal slave smuggiing), most further gains in the By this time, ho*ever, Jelferson was nearly alone among rvhite southerners. Most did not question the assertion that siaver-i as a necessity, that it was gooti for both the slave and the owrlrr, and that it nrusr be preserved at nny cost. Ir ofen has been pointed oul that lhe majority of rvhite southerners did not own slaves.In fact, the proportion of white southern families who did own slaves was actualiy declining in the nineteenth century, from one- lnt 1e) rot han an ef- southern pcpulation, and ihose siaveholders with iarge plantations and But as the sla. re popuiation grew, the fears and anxieties of southern hundreds of slaves were an exceedingiy small group. whites grew correspondingly. Il 1793, How, then, did the pecuiiar institua slave rebellion in the Caribbean tion oi slavery, as one southerner caused tremendous consternation in the white South. Rurrrors of uprisings called it. become so embeddeci in the piotted by slaves were numerous. _nd Old South? Firsr. even though save a the actual rebeilion of Nat Turner in nonage of southern whires owned Virginia in 1831 (in which fifty-five slaves, nearly all southern whites whites were killed, many of them were somehorv touched by the instit. rtion of slavery. Fear of bneediness r_iprisings r,rhile asieep) only increased white inpiorrrpred many nonsiaveholders to securities and dread. In response, support an increasingly rigrd slave southern states passed a series oflaws t hat made the system of siavery even system that included night patrols, more restrictive.Toward the end of rvritten passes for slaves arvay fi-om his life, Thomas Jefferson (r. iho did plantations. supenised religious servnot live to see Nat Turners uprising) ices for slales, larr,s prohibiting teaching slaves to read or rvrite. and other agonized measLlres to keep slares ignorant, ciePitdeltt. ttrd ar,ar undt thr ,,J. pi 1,1 But as it rs. r, e lrrve hc rvolf bv rho rr lrit,s. 1lrny nonlavehuicl,. r. t. ears, and we can neither hold him, nor rtere ah5id ttat emancipation rvoulci safel-v let hirr go. iustice is in one hling rherrr nto dilect nc,,n,,n. ,. (. (,nrincrease. slave population were frorn natural rird in 1830 to somewhat one-fourth b-v 1860. Moreover, nearly three-fourths of these slaveholders owned fewer than ten slaves. Slaveholders, then, lvere a distinct minorrty of the white f1811 t ,EuLlAll fTloN TEI,I, S ,IR OWN fr)til can Americans partly rest on the limitation o f rights and freedoms for nally, although large planters repre- southern whites as well. l sented oniy a lraction of the white But how did the slaes reacL to population, they virtuaily controlled irn economic and social system that the econopnic. ocial, and political in- meanL that neither they nor their chilstilutionsftnd were not about to injure dren would ever experience freedom? either thcmselves or their status bv Most while southerners assumed that eliminating. the slave. syslem that es- slaves were happy and content. Northsentiallv supporred thern. , ern abolitionists (a minority of the po defend their peculiar institurion, ivhite population) believed that slaves rvhite southerners constructed a re- continually yearned for I edom. Both markabiy compleie and ciiverse sel of groups used oceans of ink to justify arguments.Siavery, they maintained, and support their claims. But evidence was actuaily a far more humane svs- of hor+ the slaves felt and thcught is tem than northern c apitaiism. After woefuliy sparse. Given the restrictiie ail, slaves s/ere fed, clothed, shelrered, nature of the slave syltem (which incared for *hen they rvere ill, and sup- cluded enforced illiteracy among ported in their old age, rvhereas north- slaves), this pitiful lack of evidence is ern factory workers were paid pitifully hardiy surprising. lorv rvages, used, dnd then discarded IIow, then, cail we learn horv slaves when no longer usefui. Iur+. ernrore, feit, and ihought about the pecuiiar inmany . ,rhite southeiners maintained stitution? Slave uprisings were few, that slavery was a positive good be- but does that mean most slaves were cause ir had introduced the barba- happy with their lot? Runaways were rous Africans to civilized Americah. common, and some, such as Frederick ways and, rnore importantiy, to Chris- Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, actuaily tianitl. Other southern rvhites reached the North and wrote about stressei rvhat they believed lvas the their experiences as s laves. Yet how childirke. ciependent nature of African typical were their experiences?Most Americans, insisting that they could slaves were born, lived, and died in neyer cope with iife outside the pater- servitude. did not participate in organnaiistic and benevolent institution ized revoits, and did not run awaS. oi iiavri-. in si_ich zin atmorphere, in Fiow ciid they feel about the system of rvhich many of the white southern in- slavery? tellectr,ral efforts rvent into the defense Aithough most slaves did not read or of slaven. , ciissent anci freedom of wrile, did not participate in organized thought rvere not welcome. Hence revolts, and did not attempt to run those rrhite southerners rvho dis- away. hey did intrust a remarkable agreed anci might have challenged the amount of evidence thal can help us unScuths ciependence on siarery re- derstand their thoughts and leeiings. mained siient. *ere hushed up, or de- Yet we must be imagrnative in horl. rve cided rcr lear. e rhe regio n. In man,r, approach and use that evidence. wa,vs. ihen, the enslavement of Afri- peiition with blacks who, it was assumed, would drive down wages. Fi- In that birti size, fortf ordir bn t, tion. help who eCOnl the p of th will I and evide sout,l ing r trave often ore Nort the them gand ecdot rich tives r iave Ligat, pecur Histr awar denc, most eight older thev 182 THFI ilEilol) rl- JM? /Ii i. re tves iolh +iA, , r rJi ,ltcc iis iive inong eis ves inere ere ick illv rut nii in a-v. In an earlier chapter, you ascertained (about births, deaths, age at marriage, farm size, inheritance, tax . rolls, and so forth) can reveal a great deal about ordinary people, such. as the colonists on the eve of the American Revolution. Such demographic evidence can help the. historian form a picture of who these people were and the socioeconomic trends of the time, even if the people themselves . ere not aware of those trends. In this exercise, you will tre using another kind of evidence and asking di fferent questions. Your eviCence will not . come fom white southerners (rvhose military post in maintaining slavery was enormous), foreiga travelers (wh-ose own cultural biases often influenced ,vhai they reported), or even white abolitionists in the North (whcse urgent need to eradicate the sin of slavery sometimes led them to gross exaggerations for propaganda purposes). You will be using anecdotes, stories, and songs froia the rich orai tradition of African American slaves, supplemente

Passages for Comment

B. 1) It definitely gives me a clear indication of the weather conditions. In london it was very veily/groggy, that as she slowly left london behind it started to thin out and patches of blue Rosamond Lehman uses many of the fabric metaphors so we get to see how the mist looks, which is in turn, describes the mist/fog much better. Lentil, saffron and fawn left behind. The course Lentil, saffron and fawn argon all brown, orangy earthy colours describing capital of the United Kingdom as she leaves it behind. London is all very built up and the the buildings are all very brown and dreary (linking back to lentil) but then the woollen day clarified , the word woollen describes the mist/fog as wool which is a fabric that you cannot see through.The phrase, drenched indigo muslin. Muslin is a very transparent type of fabric, so the mist looks very see-through . This fabric indicates a lighter colour change and lifting mist outback(a). The skies amorphous material began to quilt The ski es amorphous material are the clouds, which are beginning to thin out. The patches of blue in the sky which contrast to the white clouds are indeed like a quilt, with many patches here and there.2) It could also be describing the condition she is in and the way in which she is feeling. She has just woken up and heard the bad news, which has thrown her mind into overwind. The heavy mist/fog outside could mean that she is seriously worried as she is weighed down with worry and concern. She is still half asleep and as she sees the billowing mist, this gives us a sort of foggy appearance of what she is feeling like (like someone who has just woken up and cant distinguish anything properly). The Muslin fabric is telling us that her brain is not alert or sharp as she is looking, but not taking anything in. She is still in shock about the bad news and is still trying to wake up which further implies how she is feeling.C. 1) The sound and pace of the passage is very quick and fast flowing. Ernest Hemingway uses mainly two syllable words throughout, which adds to the already fast-flowing passage. This is vital in that the story require to be quick, so that the character in the story can finish his book and so that we dont get bored with the story line.2) All you leave to do is write one true sentence I think what Hemingway is saying is that all you need to do is to write a proper, structured sentence in order to get your story flowing again. A true sentence shows instead of tells, uses the five senses, uses strong active verbs, does not repeat oneself, doesnt use unnecessary words and uses metaphors and word pictures. That is a true sentence in which Hemingway describes.3) I think that everyone has there own outlook on life, so we therefore all have incompatible opinions on what something means. When Hemingway says that metaphorical language is ornamental, i have to agree with him, because it is a way of flowering up something and it makes people use their own imag ination. Thus, all the metaphors result be will be completely different and mean other things to other people. I do associate transparent language to truthfulness because you dont have to use your own imagination as all the facts are there. It doesnt use any many metaphors as there is literally only one floor of depth to something. I dont think that metaphorical language gets between reality and the reader. All people have different thoughts on the metaphors etc. So the issuance of one extract will be different to that off others.

Patience by Damian Marley Featuring Nas Essay

The title of my chosen song is called Patience by Damian Marley Featuring Nas. I chose this poem because of its spiritual meaning and because it represents what our world has turned into. Even though its sixsome years old, and the world has changed a lot since then, they made a very precise prediction of what the condition of our economy will be today. The poem was scripted by Nas and Damian Marley themselves in year 2008 and composed in 2010. Damian Marley is the son of a popular Jamaican Reggae artist named Bob Marley. His father was a legend whose harmony was influenced by social issues of his homeland and politics and economics.Damian Marley took after his father and majority of his songs are about social issues, making love and peace. Damian Marley is also vehemently connected to his spiritual side just like his father was, which is why I love their music. The purpose of this song was to make you think about our creation, and our surroundings. Is God rattling? Why were we born? Whats true intelligence, the kind you learn at school, or the kind that comes to you from experience and spiritual wisdom? The topic of this song is affectionate Issues. Who made up words? Who made up numbers? And what kind of spell is mankind under?Everything on the planet we preserve and can it microwaved it and continue it, and try it no matter what well survive it, whats man? Whats human? Anything along the land we consuming eatin, deletin, ruin, trying to get paper gotta maintain land, gotta have acres. I quoted this because it shows what the poem is about and its intended meaning. The artists asked a lot of questions, so while we are listening to the song, these questions be absorbed by our sub-conscious mind and we will start to think about the world and wonder why our lifestyles are filled with media influences and social networking.The overall desire and feeling in this song is a drifting hypnotic feeling. The reggae and rap mixed together gives it a slow feel, bu t since the wording is so strong is makes you focus directly on what the artists are rapping about. The instruments chosen in this song are very strong, but played at a slow and restful melody. Damian Marley and Nas are asking questions and talking to people, but you dont know who the song is for or what its about, its for you to interpret it in your own way, so the poetic device used in this song is apostrophe. Huh, we born not knowing, are we born knowing all? We suppuration wiser, are we just growing tall? Can you read thoughts, can you read palms? shows that they are trying to get you to interpret the meaning in your own way.The overall message in this song is to realize that we were put on this earth for a reason, and it is relevant to todays society because we often forget where we come from and we pay too much attention to the media, and our lives are all about trying to fit in. Some of the shoot paparazzi Ive ever seen and I ever known, put the worst on display so the worl d can see and thats all they will ever show. This quote is to show how the media and news only show negative messages, so when Damian Marley says Thats all you will ever know it is to show that the media makes us insecure so we only see the worst in ourselves. This is a very respectful and meaningful song and I think everyone should learn from it.

Progesterone For Maintenance Tocolytic Therapy after Threatened Preterm Labour Essay

What was the try proficiency used and what are the advantages and disadvantages of apply that proficiency? The researchers used a ii-stage sampling method that was non-random in the first stage and randomized in the encourage stage. The total population was made up of 137 patients who were admitted for preterm jab. Selection from this initial population was non-random because at that place were exclusion criteria. The 70 women included were randomised to their treatment groups by assigning randomly generated numbers.The main advantage of using the proficiency was its simplicity and straightforwardness. Every individual who fit the inclusion criteria had equal chance of being selected. The disadvantage of the technique was that there was bias in the initial selection. Such bias could have affected the accuracy of the experiment. Was there randomisation? There was randomisation in the second stage of sampling, where all those women who fit the inclusion criteria were office of the sampling population. Randomisation was done by generating random numbers and assigning numbers to the women included in the field of force.Was it biased? There were several sources of bias in the study. The fact that the patients were all from the same clinic is already in itself introducing bias. The study was not double blind, which could also be a source of bias. The use of exclusion criteria in the first stage of sampling lessened the bias. In the second stage of sampling, efforts were done to further polish off bias by assigning treatment to all included patients. No patient also left-hand(a) the study, thus further reducing bias. Describe the validity and power of the studyBased on the researchers in demand(p) results, the statistical power of the study for improving latency was initially figure be 80% with an presumption of getting standard deviation (SD) of 12 days at 5% level of significance. However, when their results came out, the power was cipher to be lower (value for this was not presented in the paper). By checking the means and SD for latency, and assuming a two-tailed analysis, power was calculated to be 51% only. This could be attributed to the gamey standard deviation that could in turn be due(p) to the relatively small number of samples tested.In other similar studies, the sample population is much higher. For example, other study testing the effect of vaginal progesterone on preterm birth used 413 women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). disdain the low statistical power, the results presented here are valid as preliminary data on the accompaniment of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone to control preterm labour. The study was able to show that progesterone treatment had an effect on the other outcomes that were measured (please refer to Table 2 in the text).Background information of the system progesterone is a steroid hormone that is widely used in hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. It is al so used to induce menstruation in women who suddenly stop menstruating. Its capacity to control preterm labour was first account in the 1980s. Oral administration of progesterone induces side effects like migraine, dizziness, regurgitation and blurred vision. This was the usual mode of administration of progesterone, which was proven effective to reduce preterm labour (Meis, et al. , 2003).Since 2003, studies have reported on the use of progesterone vaginal suppository to treat preterm labour (E. B. Da Fonseca, Bittar, Carvalho, & Zugaib, 2003) and even in high risk women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Until this current study, there were no previous reports on the use of progesterone to supplement tocolytic therapy, using magnesium sulphate and intravenous ampicillin, on women who actually had preterm labour. Hypothesis of the study Null hypothesis The use of vaginal progesterone after inhibition of preterm labour will not change latency period and recurrence of preterm l abour.Alternate hypothesis (what the study really wants to prove) After the inhibition of preterm labour, treatment with vaginal progesterone will result in increased latency period and decreased recurrence of preterm labour. methodological analysis The study was conducted on 70 women who were had arrested uterine activity after they were treated for premature labour. The women were randomized to two groups one was administered vaginal progesterone and the other, a placebo, until delivery. Subjects were monitored for days to latency until delivery, recurring preterm labour and other basal and secondary outcomes.Different statistical tests were used to determine if the treatments resulted in significantly different outcomes. Comparisons were done using Students t-test for quantitative data chi-square and Fisher exact tests, among others, were used for categorical data. Conclusion of the study The study concluded that the use of vaginal progesterone after tocolytic therapy was effect ive in increasing latency to delivery but not in decreasing the incidence of recurrence of preterm labour. Is it a valid confidence based on the data of the study? Describe the applicability and relevance of the paper to clinical act.The evidence is valid based on the data of the study. The paper and the results presented are applicable and relevant to clinical practice because it proposes a new means of treating preterm labour for increased latency. Although the recurrence of preterm labour appeared not to be cut with the treatment, this could be due to the advanced stage of the pregnancy when the preterm labour occurred or due to the small sampling population. It is significant to note that this is the first to report on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone. Further studies can also be done to validate the results.

Explain the differing reactions of people in Britain to the policy of evacuating children in World War II

The trepidation of aerial bombing gripped Britain as a nation, as uncensored jut outs of Hitlers Condor Legion reduced the Basques holy metropolis of Guernica to rubble . The world recognised Hitler fascist regime, and acknowledged Hitlers supreme air power and its ability to obliterate cities. This terrified the British public, and affright the government as the First World fight experience with the air Zeppelin, still left hand its daub on British hearts.The government had to devise a blueprint to protect its future generation and army. They called this plan operation pied piper ironically named after the rather menacing German folktale. This was the biggest and most concentrated mint candy movement of people in Britains History. In the first four days of this regime in family line 1939, nearly 3,000,000 people were transported from towns and cities in danger from enemy bombers to places of safety in the countryside.By any posting it was an astonishing event, a logarithmi stical nightmare of co-ordination and control . Lord Balfour mentioned unremitting bombardment of a openhearted that no other city has ever had to endure, it was even predicted that in London alone that civilian causalities would amount to four million alone. Indeed excrement even on the mainland initially was unsuccessful due to the hypocrite War, many children returned to their homes and also difficulties getting billet posts because of the interference with lifestyle.In mainland Britain it was when Hitler changed his tactics to that of bombing British towns and cities in September 1940 that excrement was dealn much seriously. The British publics response to this regime varied, as many laden Britons, had the luxury of sending their children to Canada or Australia neutral countries unlikely to be attacked. Whilst the poorer citizens of Britain were indoctrinated into the ideology of evacuation towards the reception zones right(prenominal) evacuation zones.Here we must take into account that evacuation was not compulsory, the strong and e motivation propaganda employ had to sway the principles of the public for instance if we play at this piece published in 1939 by the ministry of wellness dont do it, mother leave them where they are this piece of evidence demonstrates Hitler as a spiritual enemy in returning their children would be seen as playing into the Hitlers hands. In obvious respect, many motherss rejected the governments response to the sagaciousness of mass bombardment many had lost husbands and sons and needed their children there with them for emotional support.Another essential motive why children were evacuated where for fears of low morale, another essential factor which the British public needed to carry on the struggle against Hitlers aggression. The evacuation policy applied to pregnant women, children, school teachers and perhaps it is important to mention that nearly animals from The London zoo. The children were presented to server families or of what some pointd the slave auction, what studies at the era demonstrated was that these auctions would dumbfound incomprehensible effects which would encourage chronic behaviour, for example bed wetting.The humiliating and daunting experiences of the slave auction left children pure tone empty and dehumanised nobody wanted to be picked last, these children were usually poor children who appeared unclean and scruffy. Firstly if we look at this piece, written by the discover(a) mirror a picture caption arent they happy, from hindsight we can acknowledge, how the daily mirror has used government propaganda to faiade the pessimistic side of evacuees ,with illustrations of children playing on beaches.In contrast to this image we can look at this piece of evidence an account from an evacuee Terri McNeil who was locked up in a birdcage and left with a chunk of bread and a bowl of water, here we can distinguish the juxtaposition among a government biased view an d a first hand witness experience, although only twelve percent of evacuees say that they suffered some sort of mental, physical or sexual abuse, we must note that, 60 years on the experience of evacuation still comes back to haunt people. However, this gave children from inner city slums, the probability to experience a life of idyllic atmosphere.People from different material bodyes clashed, and gave the government and wealthier people a chance to acknowledge the huge gap between the poor and the rich, and idealise with their predicament. More over, evacuees since the Second World War still remember their evacuation as their, adventure understandably those who experienced a good evacuation will cherish their memory, for instance In John Reynards case The countryside was wonderful for a boy from the city the fields, animals, woodlands, the river and the big house, we called the river Ohio wartime code so mother wouldnt know what we were up to.Now in this, we can take that he has enjoyed himself with life away from the industrial city. Again in other experiences such as Lillian Evans we were chosen by a lady. .We were sent round the back door and told to strip off all our clothing, when we refused, our habiliments were torn off. We were then forced naked into the kitchen in front of the hosts father and the husband pushed us into a bath containing dettol . After her husband cut off all our hair until we were bald.His excuse, Children from Liverpool brought lice, scabies and sores into the countryside this experience left Lillian mentally scarred . As mentioned above responses to this regime varied. The evacuation of British cities was extremely emotional and unnerving for the children of Britain, but account must be taken for parents and Billet officers and teachers involved in this mass evacuation. many teachers had been evacuated with their pupils, but it was not always easy to find them classrooms to teach in.For instance if we look at this log book w ritten by the headmaster 57 children were admitted bringing the number on roll up to 206. at that place is insufficient seating for all the children and some are sitting 3 to a dual desk, on the other hand people like Agnes her school got to take over Sizergh castle near Kendel and more or less sixty girls got to stay in Levens hotel, a smart lake district hotel close by. I ended up sharing the honeymoon suite which had a private bathroom.Many described the evacuation as a typical British wartime shamble. Many people did not except evacuees even though it was compulsory, if we look at Lady Davy reason for not taking evacuees on medical grounds it is not good for her to have ten evacuees in a house with five bedrooms and two living rooms. Because of her public duties, Lady Davy requires more than just her bedroom, this was the attitude of a lot of wealthy people.Billeting officers grew very exhausted and angry, because finding a host for the evacuee grew exasperating, due to socia l class and attitudes of host family because of status. In all, my overall impression to the attitudes of evacuation is that social class played a more dominant role in identifying human behaviour towards those of a lesser class, and on a positive note helped the government and those more fortunate to understand peoples plight.In this,some aspects of evacuation did baffle me, the mistreatment of host families towards evacuees-perhaps this was their way of getting back at the government-Most of the images displayed by the government were biased. Some could argue that the wealthier acted preposterously towards the regime than others of a lesser classer. Whos to dispute the argument? But reality is more alter than what some would conclude.

Are Bilinguals Smarter Than Monolinguals Essay

Because of this, there is a debate to decide whether the next generation of children should be exposed to a bilingualist tuition. This has led to research into whether bilingualist reproduction slows the learning of literacy and numeracy (Barnett, Yarosz, Thomas, Jung, & Blanco, 2007). Research has also looked at specific enhancements (Goetz, 2003 Kovacs, 2009) and downsides (Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007) to being Bilingual. This essay reviews the show up from Literature to determine whether Bilinguals are smarter than Monolinguals.There is a current debate as to whether Monolingual or Bilingual education is a better approach to produce smarter students. Specifically this debate looks at whether Bilingual education hinders the development of literacy and numeracy. Barnett et al. (2007) reported that statistically there was no hindrance to literacy and numeracy in 3 to 4-year-old side-Spanish Bilinguals compared to side Monolinguals (p. 288). They also reported that the Bil ingual education produced significant increases in Spanish vocabulary (Barnett et al. , 2007, p. 277).This suggests that Bilingual education produces more knowledgeable and hence smarter students. Studies also found that Bilinguals energize enhanced caseing capabilities (Goetz, 2003 Kovacs, 2009). Kovacs, (2009) found that 3-year-old Romanian-Hungarian Bilinguals performed importantly better than Romanian Monolingual children in several different reasoning tasks (p. 48). The increased capacity to reason which Bilinguals experience is likely to produce superior educational outcomes. However, not all studies show that being Bilingual is advantageous. Kaushanskaya and Marian (2007) found hat Russian-English Bilinguals were sensitive to the phonology of Russian language (p. 140). This means that when these Russian-English Bilinguals come across a new word in English, they are less likely to be able to register its meaning. This phonological exponent is comm single used in testing i ntelligence quotient (IQ) (Williams, McIntosh, Dixon, Newton, & Youman, 2010). IQ has been shown to only have a partial effect in predicting educational success (Alloway & Alloway, 2010). Hence, although this phonetic ability is useful, it does not necessarily measure smartness.In conclusion, current Literature suggests that Bilinguals may be smarter than Monolinguals. Through specialized education research has shown that Bilinguals are more knowledgeable without sacrifice to the quality of literacy and numeracy (Barnett et al. , 2007). Research has also shown that Bilinguals have enhanced reasoning ability (Goetz, 2003 Kovacs, 2009). In contrast, they may also suffer from interference to their phonology from perspicacious several languages (Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007). This means that they may have difficulty in discerning meaning from outlander words.However, this is not a measure of smartness but rather of IQ. Although Bilinguals may be smarter than Monolinguals when considering the current Literature, to be conclusive, further research should be completed, to ascertain the successfulness of Bilingual students in comparison to Monolingual students, in higher level education. References Alloway, T. P. , & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in schoolman attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106(1), 20-29. inside 10. 1016/j. jecp. 2009. 11. 003 Barac, R. & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingual Effects on Cognitive and linguistic Development Role of Language, Cultural Background, and Education. Child Development, 83(2), 413-422. inside 10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 2011. 01707. x Barnett, W. S. , Yarosz, D. J. , Thomas, J. , Jung, K. , & Blanco, D. (2007). Two-way and monolingual English immersion in preschool education An experimental comparison. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22(3), 277-293. doi 10. 1016/j. ecresq. 2007. 03. 003 Goetz, P. J. (2003). The effects of bilingualism on t heory of mind development.Bilingualism Language and Cognition, 6(1), 1-15. doi 10. 1017/S1366728903001007 Hatt, B. (2007). Street Smarts vs. Book Smarts The Figured World of Smartness in the Lives of Marginalized, Urban Youth. The Urban Review, 39(2), 145-166. doi 10. 1007/s11256-007-0047-9 Kaushanskaya, M. , & Marian, V. (2007). Bilingual Language Processing and Interference in Bilinguals manifest From Eye Tracking and Picture Naming. Language Learning, 57(1), 119-163. doi 10. 1111/j. 1467-9922. 2007. 00401. x Kovacs, A. M. (2009). Early bilingualism enhances mechanisms of false-belief reasoning.Developmental Science, 12(1), 48-54. doi 10. 1111/j. 1467-7687. 2008. 00742. x Rubio-Fernandez, P. , & Glucksberg, S. (2012). Reasoning About Other Peoples Beliefs Bilinguals Have an Advantage. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(1), 211-217. doi 10. 1037/a0025162 Williams, T. H. , McIntosh, D. E. , Dixon, F. , Newton, J. H. , & Youman, E. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of the StanfordBinet Intelligence Scales with a high-achieving sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47(10), 1071-1083. doi 10. 1002/pits. 20525

Is Torture Reliable or Humane? Essay

Imagine being compel into scabion with your head down, and blood rushing to your brain. Picture the struggle of being held down and defenseless, against your go out. Imagine having a thick towel pressed firmly over your face and continuous water being poured on the towel as you friendlessly gasp for air simulating the effect of drowning. Imagine being bound and thrown into the mari term with a weight that pulls you in only mavin direction down to the bottom of the ocean floor. Do you think this assortment of action is right to do to a criminal or wholeow alone a human? wring is the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment in order to force them to do or confess something. History has changed from uncivilized crucify techniques to civilized badgering and then back again. on that point has been crucial revilement on prisoners and suspected criminals. The crucifixion of Christ by the Romans is a huge simulation of suffering. The Romans beat and whipped Christ, pinned his pass on and feet with holdles onto a wooden cross, and put a thorny crown around his head. Back then, even large(p) thinkers defended distress saying it was protecting civilization, and bringing control to the quite a little. They had no limit to who they were torturing.The Romans began to create laws allowing only indisputcapable subjects and crimes that could entail squeeze, but as time passed they added to a greater extent than subjects to the availability of torture. Christianity later became the commanding force and went against all the torture laws, and fought hard to change the panache torture was executed. Once the September 11 attack happened, deal forgot about human rights because they were fearful of other attack, so they continued the use of enhanced query techniques.Torture was used because pack believed it to be an strong way to extract development from a captive suspect. The united States police mentality and parents cau se children to think that torture is justifiable. When 9/11 happened the unify States became defensive and feared the popular opinion of a nonher terrorist attack. We were provideing to do anything to find out who the culprit was. We wanted to feel like we had national security and we needed someone to blame, so if torture techniques were the solution, we were willing to do so. Blinded by the disaster that tools place, we were non using our intelligence. The United States was taking action based on fear and revenge, torturing suspects, and affiliates. The forget from this will cause the safety of the nation to be at a higher risk of an attack. The media is another factor to the use of torture. Jane Mayer wrote in her article Whatever it Takes about a TV show rallyed 24.24 was a television show that was all about torture, but instead of showing how torture was wrong, the show glamorized it. The show displays torture as being a useful tactic to watch people talk and almost al l the people that watch the show get conned into thinking the same way. The piteous part of the story is that even children watched the show 24 The kids see it, any say, If torture is wrong, what about 24 (261). The show was convincing and one sided, being torture is justifiable and effective, that people believed it was true, but Jane disagreed with it. She thinks that it only whole kit and boodle in some cases, but there are down sides to using torture, such as direct instruction. Torture is displayed widely around the world in a positive way, but they do not see the negative effects of using torture techniques to solve problems.Torture can cause farseeing term effects on torture subjects. Physical and mental actions can harm a soul for the rest of there life. Most survivors of torture suffer post-traumatic stress syndrome a severe anxiety disorder. In David Masci article Should it be used to interrogate suspected terrorist? he interviewed a women take a crapd Dianna Ortiz that is a survivor of torture tactics. Dianna suffered mentally from the torture experience nightmares, flashbacks and fear shadowed me everywhere. And I had trouble with my memory. I couldnt agnize the people who were closest to me before my torture. I couldnt articulate what was happening to me I thought I was going crazy(Masci). Dianna was damaged she could not live her normal life. The fear of being tortured taunted her. intimately all or even all suspects suffer post-traumatic stress disorder.Head injuries are also a common injury due to the different torture techniques used, as well as afflictive impairment, inveterate pain, extensive sensory and memory loss. The prisoner will even be incapable of performing our quotidian activities dressing, cooking, and sleeping. Torture is a dangerous, unreliable, and slow practice and can be stopped done accountability of the torturer. The torturer must(prenominal) provide a humane setting for the prisoner, challenge the prisoner w ith interpersonal evidence, and use his intelligence and technique to decipher the truth in an adequate way.Many people think that torture is the most effective test strategy, but know very little about the torture techniques being used on prisoners. Society does not think of the inhumane violence that occurs when torturing a prisoner of war. By relinquish failure torture techniques and vivid descriptions on the methods such as, water boarding, electrocuting, sleep deprivation, and solitary confinement, the society will see the truths and horrors of torture. In reference to David Masci article Should torture be used to interrogate suspected terrorist? he addresses different examples of terrorist techniques, one being Prisoners were being stretched on the rack or subjected to leg or thumb screws(Masci). What sorting of preaching is this? Inhumane treatment. Prisoners rights are being blurred out and ignored. Animals do not even receive punishment like this, for the most part.Tort ure overpasses our human rights to interrogate prisoners and try to make it justifiable, but it is not. Even if the inquisitor got an answer- true or false- from the prisoner, the actions the interrogator did are not right and will cause damage on not only the prisoner, but also the interrogator. This inhumane method of dubiousness has been proven to work adversely in situations of torture and is unjust to do to anyone or anything. It can continue our people to realizing that torturing someone isnt the only way to get what you want out of them.In order to coerce the prisoner to speak based on intelligence, the interrogators must have prior familiarity about him or her. When the interrogator first starts to interrogate the detainee, they must set him or her in a comfortable environment. Of course, the prisoner will have hatred and unwillingness for the United States to begin with the United States must keep the interrogation in control. We must appeal to the prisoner, giving him hope of being free again. There was a story on Abu Jandal Ali Soufan treated Abu Jandal with cookies when questioning him.Soufan noticed that Abu Jandal had not eaten the cookies, so he knew he had to fix something to treat Jandal. Soufan found out Abu Jandal was a diabetic, so in response to that, the next time the Americans questioned him, they brought sugar-free cookies. Giving Abu Jandal the cookies, Soufan found a change in the rest of the interrogation. Abu Jandal could no longer think of us as evil American as he did before he received special treatment (Tom Parker). Americans had expressed a respectful environment for Abu by providing him with sugar-free cookies that were fixed towards his health.The interrogators could have easily used his diabetic condition against him in a form of torture, but instead they chose to use a less inflicting technique, by appealing to his emotions. Abu Jandal now felt an obligation to inform the United States in turn of there kind treatment. H e later gave up a wealth of education about al-Qaeda including the identities of seven of the 9/11 bombers(Tom Parker). This information was vitally accountable in preventing any future attack on the United States. This interrogation technique used by the interrogator appealed to health and preference of the detainee to connect with him resulting in beneficial information.Another problem with torture is that fact that the information being entertainn is not reliable. When a prisoner of war is being tortured and is at the point where he or she can not take any more pain, they say anything to get the interrogator to stop. The United States of America used torture techniques on al Libbi and the results from that misled our army, and potentially wasted our time and resources following a false lead, leaving permissiveness for Iraq to finish their attack. Torture does not yield accurate resolute. Torturing techniques fuel terrorist, put American soldiers at risk, and ruin Americas mor al authority.When the prisoner of war is tortured they say anything to stop the torture from continuing, but almost al slipway give false information, as al Libbi did. The torture technique interrogator does not have accurate information on the prisoner of war, so when the interrogators are given information they have no choice but to go with it, which can lead to even more conflicts in the process. When society turns against torture they will be open to alternative interrogation techniques that may have more effective results.Once the prisoner is in a comfortable environment, we can then start to question him or her. Prisoners are trained to resist the torturous techniques, but not trained or able to go through a questionable approach of interrogation. Prior to the interrogation, the interrogator must find valuable knowledge about the detainee to use against him or her. Mental abuse is to an extent a way of torture, but in the way the conscious interrogators used the mental interr ogation, it would not be considered torture.The aware interrogation approach is based on influencing our knowledge of the prisoners culture and mentality, combined with using cognize facts about the prisoner (Soufan). Having heard your child or family is captured or is at risk, is an example of mental torture. Ali Soufan, a security consultant and former investigator for the FBI, was involved in the investigation of Abu Zubaydah interrogation. Soufan discussed in his article Is torture ever justified? about two methods of interrogation, the informed interrogation approach and the enhanced interrogation technique.Ali Soufan asked for his name and he gave him a false name, so then Soufan used his investigation to work against Abu Zubaydah. He asked to call him by his nickname Abus mother used to call him, Hani (Soufan). Abu now had the thought of Americans having more information about him, so he could not give them false information. Research shows, when the United States asked him questions he started to give out answers involving KSM the mastermind of the 9/11 attack. Using this mental tactic was in no ways a type of torture because Abu Zubaydah was not harmed mentally, he just had the fear of lying and getting caught, resulting in reliable and useful information.Often times, torture techniques are slow preventing a detainee from sleeping for one hundred eighty hours as the memos detail, or water boarding 183 ties in the case of KSM (Soufan). This method would not work in the ticking time bomb scenario because it does not get quick results. It takes time to torture a person, in particular a prisoner of war. Although some people can handle pain more than others, the prisoner, if a culprit to the crime will be notably able to resist an abundant amount of pain. The prisoners go through training school that practice torture techniques. When your body gets used to pain, it can resist the pain for a longer period of time. Not only can the prisoner resist the pai n longer, the torture techniques do not work quickly.For instance, sleep deprivation must take at least 24-48 hours to kick in. calm deprivation is also one of the first method used often times when interrogating the prison. Statistics show that when people are restless their brains do not work productively and can not think on the spot, so when being asked questions it will take the prisoner time to answer, if they are willing to answer in the first place. Therefore, getting information fast will not result from torture, but it will from the informed interrogation technique.The informed interrogation approach has work time and time again. Abu Zubaydah is a perfect example of the technique because he proved it effective. The investigators first approached him in an informative way. They used the background information they already knew about him, to make him fear giving them the wrong information and that took them about two hours to get information from him. After Soufan, the CIA took over the investigation and started to use torture tactics on Abu Zubaydah.The torture tactics did not produce any results. The CIA spent plenty of days and hours using different torture techniques to potentially pose information, but he still would not give up any information. The investigators just hospitalized him, so erstwhile again Washington returned to the FBI agent and Soufan to continue the interrogation. Working with Abu Zubaydahs conditions, the FBI agent and Soufan continued their questioning.They again were in(predicate) and got Abu Zubaydah to tell them more information, but once again, the CTC-Counter Terrorism Center- arrived and took over the interrogation. Harsh interrogation techniques were used one Abu Zubaydah, beginning with public nudity. The torture techniques kept making Abu Zubaydah uncomfortable, hurt, and angered. The technique was not working. The CTC used worsened and worse torture technique, but still nothing came out of Abu Zubaydah because the y did not treat him humanly. Washington noticed there were no results to the torture techniques, so they decided to go with the informed interrogation approach.The FBI agent and Soufan gathered more actionable intelligence from Abu Zubaydah in less then a couple hours (Soufan). This is one of the many proofs that the informed interrogation approach does result in reliable answers. Obtaining information quickly can be burning(prenominal) when involving a ticking time bomb scenario, and after these studies of both techniques, you can see which one had a quicker, effective on the prisoner of war. Torture techniques are harmful, slow and unreliable. The solution to this problem is adapting the informed interrogation technique.The interrogator must do their research to have extensive knowledge about the prisoner. They must collapse the prisoner a safe environment, perform civil treatment towards the prisoner of war, and question the prisoner critically and use evidence the investigator has about the prisoner to obtain information. All these steps will help prevent torture. Since there are alternative solutions that have been proven to work, then there is no need to use torture. Torture is evil it inflicts pain on a human purposefully for questions and answers that have a high possibility of being false. Torture techniques are inhumane. We are humans and should be treated as humans.