Rousseau's view on language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rousseaus view on language - Essay ExampleThis fashion that at first the worlds did not have meaning per se and acquired stable meaning only later(prenominal) in history when speech lost its original characteristics. Furthermore, Rousseau suggests that the theories which argue that the origin of language might be easily explained by the necessity of the people to communicate about future actions and coordinate them are mistaken. He points out the fact that when a psyche is crying, the situation is understandable without any words as the person feels compassion and might comfort the other person without even knowing the language. As has been mentioned before, one would micturate no mistake pointing out that speech and song originate for a common source the passion to convey inner feelings. While they were developing together, there are several factors that accelerated evolution of the former, much(prenominal) as the invention of writing. Indeed, people started to record what the y say much earlier than they invented ways to record

Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Assignment - Essay ExamplePeople claim that this practice is as aged as men who began to trade and that it is and will continuously evolve as time lapses (Poullaos 2009). perform a thorough examination of the past facets and bringing it juxtapose the present conditions of chronicle, one can generalise significant transformation in numerous aspect. In this report, the focuses of the course of discussion are the accustomed practise of the complex process of chronicle and the distinctness of its practice over the earth of Poland. As a conclusion, in that location will be a culmination of the present predicaments and reality of accounting in the selected region, the road with which has continue to that and the possible expectations of the changes to come. 2.0 Polands Accounting System As with all schemas, there is a wide smorgasbord of definite influences and factors in accounting that serves an important purpose and gives rise to the fulfillment of certain functions . To gain a comprehensive knowledge of these important factors, an individual must first probe into the past of the subject and bet the historical occurrences and circumstances that molded the topic into what it is at the present. According to related literature, accounting had many influences from the country of Poland. ... The accounting theory that originated from their region gave rise to an argument as to should have been declared as the rightful(prenominal) creator of the significant contribution. This is an argument unsettled until the present day (Mattessich 2008). The country of Poland had no established organizations for accounting until the year of 1907 and will not resume progressive activity until the entry of the year 1930 because of the contemporary worldly concern War II (McGee 2008). Nevertheless, positioned in the midst of the absence of autonomy and disposed under the ruling of orthogonal countriesRussia, Prussia and Austria, the termination of the 19th century and the commencement of the 20th century was the indication of the Polish advancement in the textile, mechanical, chemical, mining as well as craft industry. As a consequence, so too shall accounting advance in their country. 3.0 Influences to Polands Accounting System 3.1 History of Polands Accounting System single of the superior and significant pillars of the countrys system of development of the accounting profession is Marcel Scheffs who became close to popular from the year of 1936 to 1939.He was known for his belief of accounting as a science and not respectable a mere functional trade or an effective operative strategy widely utilise in the maintenance of a business and the growth of economy. Scheffs employed and connected various major studies such as the supremacy of philosophical perspectives as well as political principles to improve the accounting system in Poland (Mattessich 2008). As the year of 1950 approached, the people of Poland were to employ the Uniform Ch art of Accounts. This was primarily used for its social organization which adopted

The Principles of Job Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Principles of Job Design - Essay ExampleA good art design allow lead to lower staff or employee turnover as well as less absenteeism. Basically, staff turnover refers to the amount of time a worker spends within an musical arrangement from the initiative day at that new job to the last (Rollinson et al 2008). When employees ar satisfied with their jobs, they will be motivated to stay longer and this will positively rear to the growth and development of the arrangement. This means that on that point will be lower costs for the organisation and it will make life easier for the HRM. There will also be lower costs in recruiting new employees precondition that the efforts of the HRM will be specifically focused on pointing and developing the employees already working in the organisation in raise for them to keep pace with the changes that whitethorn take place within the company. This will also enable the devoted employees to gain the much needed experience required for t hem to complete the tasks assigned to them. Job design bathroom affect job satisfaction in many ways. People are more satisfied when reliable things are present in a job so it is important for the HRM to identify these things (Rollinson et al 2008). Factors such as opportunity for promotion or the use of an employees particular talents or skills can contribute to job satisfaction which will entail lower staff turnover. This translates to mean improved profitability for the organisation as well as general worker satisfaction in the workplace. It can also be noted that job design can affect both physical and mental health of variant employees within the workplace. There will be fewer chances of employees suffering from stress related... This paper stresses that the major coldness of adopting a new modern job design is that it may be expensive to the organisation given that a lot of resources would be needed to train the employees to meet the standard expectations of the organisat ions operations. Whilst it is a good idea to give due consideration to the needs of the employees, there is also need for the organisation to have a clearly defined line of authority which can make it easier for the responsible plurality to monitor and manage performance in the organisation. If everyone is given the power to make decisions in their operations, the organisation may not be able to pull the efforts of all the individuals towards the attainment of the set organisational goals since the individuals have different goals which may not be the same as the organisations. Tjis report makes a concluison that the main difference between the modern approach to job design and Tayloristic principles is that the modern job design puts more emphasis on the human needs while the while the mechanist approach is mainly concerned with productivity of the organisation. However, some of the Tayloristic principles are still relevant in todays organisation depending on the nature of the ind ustry concerned. The potential job with implementing a modern job design is that it can be expensive for the organisation to train and develop all the workers such that they can be able to make decisions on their own. The other problem is that they may have different views about the organisational goals.

Movies Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movies - Movie Review ExampleHeartbreaking in its representation of normal lives affected by political turmoil, this ode to the basic values that subsist even under such harsh circumstances has an impressive gravity that remembers another great historical romance, Doctor Zhivago. darn younger audience may find Zhangs grungy period and classical style background signal too untrendy to engage, the films prosperous melodramatic thrust has opened the gates for a adult number of domestic audiences. In additional, the Coming Home borrows from the novel The Criminal Lu Yanshi by a Chinese American-based writer Yan Geling. Coming home is a real get laid scenario that captures various ways of love and romance. According to the pic, not even political violence and other infirmities could come in the way of love.The close interesting episode is the moment is the tragic coincidence that begets the two lovers Feng Wanyu (Gong Li) and Lu Yanshi (Chen Daoming). Lu is arrested and detained in a political prison while his wife is involved in an accident where she sustains serious injuries. This episode is instead interesting as it exhibits the extent to which love can go. In this eposode, not even the prison prohibit of hospital confinement separate the two lovers.The Random Harvest is a 1942 movie that is based on the James Hilton novel of the year 1941. The film, directed by Mervyn LeRoy, modified form the novel for the screen. It received several(prenominal) Academy Award nominations and won several award. The film diverged from the novel in various significant ways, as it proved quite hard to translate it to a film in it totality. It is significant to note that the movie is starred by Ronald Colman as an amnesiac-shell shocked, World War I fighter and Greer Garson as his girlfriend. According to the movie, stern Smith (Ronald Colman) is a British soldier who was gassed and became shell shocked in the trenches in the course of basic World War. He is

Chinese Cinema Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chinese Cinema Analysis - Research Paper casingI figured pursuing Chinese film will be a considerable arising of information regarding the section. In addition, studying Chinese cinema will offer me different approaches that are outside the average of what any film students scope. This is an area where most people to do non venture in their studies. subgenus Chen has been visible in Chinese cinema from the 1980s up to upstart times. In analyzing Chen, the paper will focus on various elements present in the films under his name. For instance, the base matter of the film, plot, setting, characters depicted theme and cinematography. Two films, Farewell My Concubine and Yellow Earth will be the main focus of Chens film. Chen Kaige Films from mainland China have become a noteworthy part of world cinema, winning prizes at film festivals and widespread viewers. The force behind these achievements is the vision and natural endowment of a young group of filmmakers who emerged in the 1 980s. One of the major contributors to these achievements is Chen Kaige. Most of the characters in Chens films stand out as happy and carefree people, which cannot be a reflection of the theatre directors life. This renowned director in Chinese cinema was born in Beijing in 1952, to the father who was equally popular because of his effort in the cinema industry in China. At a remarkably tender age, Chen pursued his dream in film and in the year 1978, he joined Beijing Film Academy. While in the academy, Chen met other presently renowned film-makers, Zhang Yimou and Tian Zhuangzhuang, who helped modify the film industry in China. Most people who studied film in the academy ulterior came to be known as the Fifth Generation. From the works of Chen Kaige in the 1980s and the present, it is evident that China has undergone tremendous changes. According to Chen, the dream of an idealized socialist society had a new place in the fashionable need for material wealth. Despite this change, totalitarian predispositions remain evident in Chinese cinema such as censorship of films.

Proposal Form Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Form - Research Proposal ExampleIn addition to that, this question ordain also identify various marketing and economic factors that may affect full functionality of logistics sector. The role of technology in facilitating the various aspects of business in general and the logistics sector in particular will also be studied.The framework that will be use in this research will be the one used by Yoshizaki and Montibeller (2009) before. This framework will help consider a single commodity, multi-criteria, capacitated problem of facility location, and behind be used for such other research ideas as well. A case study will be used to illustrate the framework. This case study will be inspired by concrete applications in the construction industry of the UK. Problems that ar likely to be considered will involve a producer that has to select locations for establishing concrete batching plants for supplying concrete to different projects across London. Each batching plant will pee-pee a limited capacity of production.Topological benefits such as the weighted distances from clients or minimizing total costs are traditionally optimized by classical and mono-criterion models of location. Many multi-objective models of location also employ the same criteria. In this research framework, total costs will be considered against the overall benefits that may be nodal or topological. We may also consider other topological benefits in addition to geographical coverage and total cost such as service area overlap, number of sites, total environmental impact, total system risk, and total quality of service.The belles-lettres review will primarily include books and peer reviewed journals. Such journals qualify to be used as sources in this research paper as International Journal of Logistics Management, Journal of Business Logistics, dit Research, Transportation Journal, and

If you would provide a 5-6 page paper on Groupon, applying the Research

If you would provide a 5-6 page on Groupon, applying the principles of market placeing - Research Paper ExampleThe company vortexs a bundle of coupons with a target in mind the target being a certain number of people willing to avail the incident product or utility. If that target is reached, then that product/service is made available to the consumers, otherwise its not. The retailers treat these coupons as sales promotion or quantity discounts. The consumers pay for their purchase (coupon for a grouchy commodity or facility) to Groupon and it then splits the money charged with the retailer who provides that particular product or service to the consumers. Marketing and the Marketing work at The process of controlling and managing cost-effective and advantageous consumer associations is known as marketing. This process has two broad objectives which are firstly to maintain and positively develop relationship with existing customers by ensuring customer satisfaction and secondly , to draw fresh clients with the help of a anomalous selling augur that gives them an brink over their competitors and the fresh clients recognize and cash this niche. The key to successful product marketing lies in the market understanding of the marketer, who should know the market trends as to what the consumers want or need, and then develops the product or service, retentivity in mind the consumers desires which live up to their name and expectations. Then, the product or work must(prenominal) be priced in such a authority that it is within the purchasing power of the target market, and its statistical distribution and promotion should be such that the target market has easy find to it and its promoted in a way that it occupies the right place in the minds of the consumers. If all these bills are followed correctly and effectively then it ensures the success of the product or service. (Kotler and Armstrong 4-5) Groupon primarily focuses on major geographical location s where people have easy access to the internet are literate, and there are successful companies operating in those areas who jakes offer the products and services and then, it syllabus of attackes those companies with its offers and from there on, their marketing process proceeds accordingly. The company is following the marketing process very well. It analyses the major geographical locations to gain knowledge about the needs and wants of the customers of that particular location. It then approaches those companies who are willing to and can fulfil the wants and needs of the consumers while in step with the bundle coupon offering of Groupon. Next, they design a customer-driven marketing strategy by defining their target market and the best possible way to approach and serve their target market. Currently, their target market primarily comprises of youthful, cultured, and literate female clientele, since at present, the products and services they offer comprise mostly of fitness and beauty products and services. To approach their target market, they have come up with the unique and innovative concept of offering coupons (which offer a discount) on their website, and this is also their unique selling point and the quality that gives them an edge over competitors. Then with the aid of the marketing mix, the company prepares and integrated marketing plan and program so as to successfully deliver the promised value to its customers. Next comes the most important step in the marketing process, which is building customer relationships, and the company does so by fulfilling its promises and

Life of Pi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Life of Pi - Research Paper ExampleLife of Pi is a 2012 American -Indian- British live action and computer-animated adventure drama movie theater based on Yann Martels 2001 overbold of the same name. Ang Lee directs the film. Life of Pi did succeed in depicting the story of a juvenile Indian man who operates the tragic airwreck but later entered a 227 days journey on the Pacific Ocean with a ferocious Belgian tiger. Besides the troubles and tribulation, the film also depicts meaningful les tidingss on the religious aspects. Pi Patel whose role was played by Gautam Belur at five, Ayush at twelve, Suraj Sharma at 16 and Irran khan at middle age had to move unitedly with his family to Canada on a Japanese cargo ship. Unfortunately, the ship in which they were travelling in is struck by a deadly storm and only both(prenominal) people survive. However, an unexpected incident happens, separating Pi from the group. Pi is left alone in the boat together with his familys zoo animals, including in the zoo animals is a ferocious tiger named Richard parker. In order to survive Pi has to find ways to deal with the unexpected and dangerous company. (John, 186). Throughout the 127 minutes of the film, the audience would be fascinated with pi thoughts and actions through the transformations, the beliefs he holds as well as his solutions for the fearsome, aggressive company- Richard Parker. From a in some manner weak, flaccid person, Pi is seen letting parker take over the lifeboat, but Pi gradually becomes stronger and tries to gain sureness of the situation that he is in now. Finally, Pi achieves the control and sustains a neutral relationship with the Belgian tiger. This is not only a fight for survival but also a metaphor, which implies the battle for good and evil. The film Pi tries to make the endorser want to believe in God, the film give then reader the democratic choice that is the desired to believe rather than the belief itself. The two survive for 272 day s at sea with one stop on an island overflowing with vegetation and meerkats. In the evenings when the tide rises on the island, it contains a deadly acidic aim and kills anything in the tide pool or the now flooded ground. at that placefore, everyone seeks hold dear on top of the trees at night. After gathering food from the island, Pi and the tiger get ski binding to the lifeboat and head back in the sea (Susan, 23). By analyzing the conflicts, characters, dream sequence, and symbols a psychoanalytic surmisal emerges. There are strong Oedipal connotations in this theory, the sons desire for his mother, the fathers envy of the son and rivalry for the mothers attention, the daughters desire for the fathers attention. Of cource these all operate on a subconscious mind level of the characters of the film, this is to avoid the serious social more. There is also an emphasis on the meaning of dreams. This is because psychoanalytic theory asserts that it is in dreams that a persons subconscious desires are revealed. What a person cannot express or do because of social rules will be expressed and accomplished in dreams, where there are no social rules. Most of the time, people are not even aware that it is they secretly desire until their subconscious goes unchecked in sleep. Life of Pi might not make you believe in god, as a character in the film suggests. It does however make you

Passage of Kyoto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Passage of Kyoto - Essay ExampleThe treaty has been astray accepted by both developed and developing nations in order to protect the efficiency of natural ecosystem from a severe devastation caused by the increasing growth of industrialization. However, few major global nations with abundant economic potentials have been also observed to integrate the Kyoto Protocol in the nations political environment inadequately. The US can be regarded as one of the major examples to disregard the integration of Kyoto Protocol obligations in its dewy-eyed range of industrial policies (Hov et al., 2010). According to the observation of numerous researches relating to modality change, it has been critically identified that policy makers across different developed and developing countries are highly focused on diminishing the issue associated with climate change. The US has debated on carbon reduction measures by disregarding the Kyoto Protocol agreement in the twelvemonth 2001. The governing b ody of the nation has backed out the treaty by claiming that the specific details as well as uncertainties in the protocol mechanism may hinder the current economic vex of the US drastically (Fletcher, 2005).With regard to the political disagreement regarding the execution of Kyoto Protocol in the US, the research trace primary emphasized three major research questions.

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example in that location atomic number 18 many an(prenominal) factors reported in the profit and loss account that birth affected the companys profit. The most prominent of them being increase cost of sales and interest expenses.The major trends and tendencies in the companys fiscal fructify and performance for the current year as indicated by Adios Ltds financial statements discharge be assessed with the jock of the following factorsThe companys balance sheet shows that the company has enhanced its investment in tangible asset by 84% whereas the investment in the intangible assets of the company has been reduced by 80%. But boilersuit as compared to the previous year, the companys investment in total assets has been increased.Working capital is the capital, which remains with the company aft(prenominal) accounting for all the current liabilities of the company out of its current assets. This capital is required by each company to meet its short-term obl igations or liabilities without any hassles, whenever a need arises. Working capital can be obtained by subtracting a companys current liabilities from its current assets. The Adios Ltds total current liabilities are roughly 25% of its total current assets, which shows a good working capital position for the company.The companys fiIncreased Long-term BorrowingsThe companys financial statements indicate that the companys long-term debts and borrowing has been increased to a great extent. As compared to the previous year, the companys long-term debts have been increased by intimately 7 times. Consequently, the companys interest expense has also been 6 times more than that of the previous year.Increased SalesAccording to the Adios Ltds profit and loss account, the companys total sales are increased by 11.46% as compared to the previous year. Simultaneously, the companys cost of sales has also increased by 55%, which has resulted into a decline in the companys gross profit margin. Ad ios Ltds gross profit margin was about 55% in the year 2004, which has decreased to 23% in 2005 despite of an increase in companys sales. rock-bottom ProfitThe companys profit margin for the year 2005 has declined by 30% as compared to that of the year 2004. Company has shown many factors responsible for this in the financial statements. The most prominent of which being the increasing cost of sales and increasing interest expense resulting from an increasing trend in the companys long-term debts and borrowings.INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO BE ASKED BY AN AUDITORAn auditor needs to obtain the following information from the companys management in order to catch a better insight of companys financi

#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3 - Essay ExampleDrugs addicts pick out continued to increase as the drugs are cheap. The illegalization of these drugs has not serve uped in reducing the criminals and several people including the main(prenominal) police in Britain have opted for the decriminalization of these drugs in a bid to stop the drugs circulating in the streets of continuing to increase the number of drug addicts. The research recommendations are that the country should look for other options to help the users of drugs as taking them to jail is not the solution. Some of the alternatives provided in the article include community wellness and addiction treatment.I agree with the researchers and other opposes of criminalization of drug users and abusers. This has been the only solution in virtually all the nations of the world facing drug problems but nothing has stopped the increase in drugs in the streets and the number of drug users. It is time to seek alternative solutions which will make those dealing with drugs stop doing so and transform on their own accord. Examples should be drawn from other decriminalization issues where once a justice is passed on decriminalization, the previously illegal activity ceases on its own accord and I strongly deliberate this will be the same with the drug issue.The news clip was reliable because it came from published research in a peer reviewed medical journal that is renowned and legitimate. This therefore means that the research was also valid and hence reliable. The news article is printed in the BBC website. BBC is one of the oldest form of media communication and has reached this far due to the reliableness of the information they publish hence making this news article reliable as well. Lastly is the point that the information in discussion is nothing new but a reiteration of what is truly happening in the society. It is evident that drugs have increased and various reports confirm that and issues of

Gangs and the Music industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gangs and the Music industry - Essay ExampleTodays jejunenesss are comparable sponges soaking anything up which is given to them. The melody industry has the greatest impact to todays youth which gives it the most influential power, but sad to say the message being put out is non uplifting or promoting growth so that young people can better themselves. Instead, it puts out a message that it is okay to have multiple sex partners, to be part of a gang, and even single-valued function drugs every now and then.Music for a long time has been used to relay messages regarding sex and it is important to note that with time the sexual content and extent of unadornedness has been getting worse decade after another. In the advance(prenominal) to mid 20th century and before, music was quite conservative and sexual contents were quite to be deduced rather than explicitly expressed as the case is today. Todays music is ostensibly changing the fundamental nature of sex to something that i s causal and a form of expressing someones freedom rather than something with commitment for a relationship that is monogamous by nature. Todays music and in this case rap and hip hop is bringing to the fore the idea that society is now unsubtle and all are free to act as they please. This kind of music has lyrics as well as videos that are clearly showing sex as an act of freedom and maturity. Martino, et al. (2006) says that there is increasing explicit use of sex on the songs lyrics and their music videos as an expression of pleasure, empowerment, and freedom. The youth with their peer pressure attitudes apply these messages as literally as possible ending up having sexual relations quite early in their life.Fifty-one percent of teens who listened to music laced with sexual debauchery ended up act in sexual activity, compared to just 29 percent of those who listened to little or none of the same types of music (Wallace, 2010, p. 2).A study reveals that 15% of music videos ill ustrate or feature violent

Organizational Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Case battleground - Assignment ExampleThe transformation forces businesses to rethink their methods and snap new products or services in their stores. In the process, such businesses engage in downsizing. During the process of downsizing, Staples Inc reduced its outlet workshops by 15%. This made the troupe realize reduced profits of 72% (Staples, 2013). The decrease in profits was out-of-pocket to charges of restructuring the company. Staples Inc is experiencing a big heat from the southern part where online retailing is flourishing. This forced the company to take more than 90% of its products to be sold online (Staples, 2013). Additionally, Staple Canada develops an innovation science laboratory to test new services centered on small-business customers. The lab is piloting meeting rooms and rental office, a self-serve Banner Xpress machine used for printing, Starbucks coffee shop and technology-training center (Straus, 2013). The stores chosen for downsizing a re more than 25,000 square feet though they could reach15,000 square feet. Some of the stores mystify leases which run out within a year. This gives Staple company era to close them at that time (Staples, 2013). Importance of Downsizing Downsizing helps in managing duplication of roles. It is easy to find more than two employees conducting a task that a single person could conduct. Downsizing assists in correcting such scenario (Staples, 2013). Downsizing is to a fault frank in clearing ghost workers who earn a salary without working. Secondly, the system allows an organization to recover from its pecuniary crises. This is because the company can lessen operational costs by lessening proportion of employees. Downsizing also enables the managers to manage an organization properly because the organization is reduced in size (Staples, 2013). Additionally, the company can attain rid of incompetent employees and hire employees who are willing to serve the company diligently (Straus, 2013). Human Resources Challenges face up Staple Company Staple Company is not exactly sure of downsizing would achieve the infallible purpose. This is because the remaining employees would ask more payment collectible to overworking. Secondly, the employees who were sucked must be compensated. This means Staples Company would remove to incur an extra cost thus increase its cost of operation. Downsizing is a source of light morale, guilt and stress on retained employees. As a result, the employees are likely to reduce their productiveness that may reduce the companys output (Staples, 2013). The company experiences low level of productivity from its employee due insecurity of their jobs as a result of downsizing programme. Another challenge is lack of technological skills in their fields. Inadequacy and weakness due lack of basic education to cope with the changing technological and scientific development also contributes to the current problem. Another problem is lack of mecha nism to create promotion opportunities amidst employees. This is due to a high number of employees that the organization hires. The company also loses some of its best employees to rival companies that offer best terms of employment and job security. The company is also unable to attract employees with technical talents. or so of employees shun the company due to its downsizing programme that requires it to reduce its employees. Furthermore, the company lacks good engineers or computing device experts who can assist in distribution of its resources. To counter this problem, the company is going

Business & professional ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business & pro ethics - Assignment ExampleI was in a company of a registered nurse and encountered both patients. I visited two people in their respective homes, a woman, and a man. The woman was an African American and reported intense pain in her bone ups. A recent X-Ray had also revealed a bone fracture in her hips and she suspected a fracture around her chest. The woman also complained of body impuissance and of frequent infections that were not common to her previously. I recommended test on calcium level and a reexamine of possible kidney related complications with the aim of investigating possibility of quintuple myeloma. These turned positive and we diagnosed the patient with multiple myeloma. We then gave the patient 500 units of heparin as a treatment measure. The next patient had a gunshot wound and was diagnosed with paralyzed lower limbs, way from his waist. We checked PTI from his blood and changed his wound. Our interaction with the woman actual an ethical issue as she sought to know her future with the disease. While she had the right to be communicate and principle of autonomy requires response to a patients will, informing her of the terminal nature of the destine was an ethical dilemma because of possible adverse effects on her perception of life. We however asked for her time and counseled her on how to live with the disease before informing her of the terminal nature. Our approach was based on the need to image minimal harm and to help the patient attain an optimal quality of life, based on utilitarian ethics (Brooks & Dunn, 2009).

Temporal pattern of a cell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

blase pattern of a cell - Essay ExampleThe cardiac myocyte is an extremely active cell and it contracts adept to three times in one second. This contractility is far greater than the contraction of the skeletal muscle. Owing to this, the cardiac myocyte requires a large amount of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The high metabolism of the cardiac myocyte is the modestness why these cells possess an extensive amount of mitochondria. Furthermore, the cardiac myocyte also cannot generate ATP without oxygen. It meets its demand of generating ATP oxidatively by utilizing different energy sources which include fatty acids, lactate and glucose (Klabunde 2005). The cardiac myocyte has the capability of altering its go bad of contraction as per the requirements of the human body. Its contractility varies throughout the different times of the day according to the needs of the body. other important feature of the cardiac myocyte is that this cell does not have the capability o f undergoing mitosis and the cells do not add in number. But when there is a greater load, the cardiac myocyte undergoes the process of hypertrophy to compensate for the increase work load (Abel & Wilkins 2004 Hill & Olsen 2012 Walker & Spinale 2006).The cardiac myocyte exhibits varying functions over the 24 hour interval. During the effect of sleep, the cardiac myocyte maintains decreased contraction and the metabolic needs of the cardiac myocytes are also low. This is owing to the concomitant that the body is not in need of an increased blood supply and is in a resting state. The major(ip) factor which is responsible in the maintenance of the changing functions of the cardiac myocyte is the atomic number 20 ions. During the hours of sleep, the entry and the exit of the calcium ions in the cardiac myocyte are very low. This is the main reason why the cardiac myocyte retains slow contractions (Hill and Olson 2012).When an psyche wakes up, the cardiac myocyte starts functioning at a faster pace. An important research has

Why does Britain want Turkey in the EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Why does Britain want bomb in the EU - Essay ExampleThe acceptance of Turkey as a member nominate of EU is a difficult decision mostly because the risk involved is high. More specifically, the country has turn up the last years that significant efforts are made towards the improvement of the social and political condition two in the internal and the external environment however, the standards set by the EU have not been met still. In order to develop its economy in union with the Western standards, Turkey introduced a privatisation programme which has include the sale of a number of key state assets.As for UK, the possibly entrance of Turkey in EU could have significant benefits especially in the commercial sector. Possibly gains in political and soldiers sectors could be also exist but only if the intervention of military in the countrys politics is limited. The final decision belongs to European leaders who depart formulate their decision in accordance with the completion of the terms set to Turkey regarding its entrance in the EU. In case that Turkey will not follow the guidelines of EU (as presented also through the paper of the Commission of the European Communities published in 2006, section 2 above) then its entrance in EU is very likely to be postponed once more in the next enlargement. For reason Turkish investment in the UK is also growing,the support of UK towards the success of fun of Turkey for the membership should be expected to continue for quite a long.

Theories of Mass Media and Its Social Impacts Essay Example for Free

Theories of Mass Media and Its companionable Impacts EssaySince the invention of technologies such as the telegraph, radio and eventually television, which en qualifiedd communications produced at a single source to be transmitted to an infinitely prominent audience (Fearing, F. 1954), the social alludes of communications via troop media have been a subject of intense research by governmental and social scientists. This literature review intends to examine the major theories and perspectives on mass media with regard to its impact on society, which existed throughout the 1950s and 70s. Special attention will be given to the subjects of gentle social development, distri hardlyion of king, and human noesis. Human social development has, without doubt, trans soured since the introduction of mass media technologies. onwards mass transmission capabilities were available, humans were very rarg just now clear to anything other than the culture of their immediate surroundings. A widely supported view held, as to how communities learn a culture, is through a dish of emblematical interaction (Blumer, H. 1969) where humans learn via the sharing of symbols. Fearing (1954) refers to this process as the sharing of daydreams, which are the literary or dramatic manifestations of a communitys symbols and culture. Every daydream contains the symbols of the culture that produced it, whether it be a toy or story. By passing on and sharing these daydreams, a community are able to piece in the same culture, as they create familiar frameworks with which to reference their social lives. As Gerbner (1967) points out, before mass media, human interaction was al around entirely interpersonal, in relative isolation, meaning human experience and friendship was limited to their immediate community environment, with information being passed down from person to person.The influence of the mass media begins to lead apparent as Fearing (1952) points out the fact that humans, thanks to mass media, were for the first time able to broaden their sources of symbolic interaction, learning the values and symbols of a culture outside of their own localisedsphere of experience. Gerbner ulterior echoed this sentiment when stating that since the industrial revolution, an almost simultaneous introduction of information, ideas, images and products on a global level has taken place. He goes on to claim that this point signalled the turning point with regard to how people became humanised. No weeklong was acculturation limited geographically. Quite quickly, due to the wide transmission of symbols, beliefs and attitudes, it became possible for regional and even national populations to share the same mental frameworks for perceiving the world around them. A feat that would have been impossible without the doer of mass, simultaneous communication, made feasible by the mass media.Another contested subject with regards to the potential power of mass media was that t hat its capabilities place a powerful instrument in the hands of a small tally of persons (Fearing, 1954). The ability now existed for a small influential group to communicate their message to a spacious number of receivers. With this came the ability to set public agenda, influence social policy and affect the thoughts and behaviours of receivers (Gerbner 1967). There are many incidences for example where radio broadcasts have had a huge influence on the behaviour of its listeners, as documented extensively by Fearing (1954), who incidentally goes on to play down these successes as isolated events in which many variables came together with unintentional effectiveness. Unsurprisingly, governments developed great interest in the potential of the mass media and political scientists were responsible for many advances in the field.The propaganda campaigns propagated during the First, and especially Second World War, are undeniable examples of mass medias potential for control over a p opulation. However, the idea that media had a one way hypodermic spur effect on receivers was beginning to fall from popular view, with a two way communication process being adopted instead. This two way process took into account that an audience doesnt necessarily only if absorb the information around them, but perceive and interpret it, ultimately selecting whether its information they wish to absorb. In contrast to the increased power of government, insights provided by Gerbner (1967) document the increased power of ordinary citizens to efficaciously take part in democracy, by offering and promoting alternatives to policies.The ability to publish and distribute private knowledge he saystransforms the private perspectives of few into broad public perspectives thus creating a public, which in itself is a form of potential power if communication is maintained. We can conclude from this that mass media has enabled those who would not normally be able to do so, to voice their opi nions and perspectives with a broader audience. Those who wield these mass communication capabilities certainly have far more than potential power than before.With increased broadcasting of information, the manner and rate at which humans learn has also been irreversibly influenced. The relatively vast amounts of knowledge available via print and broadcast media during this time meant people were exposed to a greater amount of information. People were no longer restricted to the information and experiences of their own communities, but had access to foreign experiences and knowledge on a national and international level. In a cosmopolitan sense this has arguably meant that people, as a result, have become relatively more intelligent. As with most opportunities however, some people are able to take more advantage of them than others, whether it be because they are go bad equipped or more motivated to do so. P. J. Tichenor, G.A. Donohue and C.N. Oliens (1970) research documented w hat they referred to as a widening knowledge break of serve, especially with regards to more general appeal knowledge areas such as public affairs and science.Those of a higher socioeconomic status acquire information faster than bring low class segments, leading to ever increasing gaps between progressive and stagnant groups (Tichenor, P.J, et al. 1970). Robinson (as cited in Tichenor, P.J. et al 1970) contends that those less(prenominal) informed will remain so unless acted upon by an outside force, while those already informed stopover in motion. This leads to the conclusion that while the proliferation of information increases, the knowledge gap can and will only increase, unless measures are taken to effectively inform those of lower socioeconomic classes.A solution to this knowledge gap is offered by Tichenor et al. (1970) when they profess that a knowledge gap implies a communication gap. With the introduction of more tardily accessible outlets of information this knowled ge gap could potentially be decreased, despite the ever-increasing amounts of information available. Their article ends on an optimistic note as to the role television could play in the future, amedium much(prenominal) easily accessible to lower socioeconomic classes.Reference ListBlumer, Herbert (1969). Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method. Berkeley University of California Press.Fearing F. (1954). Social impact of the mass media of communications, in, N.B. Henry (Ed.) Mass media and bringing up The fifty-third yearbook of the national society for the study of education part II, Chicago, University of Chicago.Gerbner, G. (1967). Mass media and human communication theory, in, F.E. X. Dance (Ed.) Human communication theory Original essays, (pp.40-60.) bare-assed York, Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Tichenor, P.J., Donohue, G.A. Olien, C.N. (1970). Mass media flow and differential growth in knowledge, Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159-170.

Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

dividing pipeline Brothers EssayIn the three chat ups I have discover by Willy Russell, totally of them atomic number 18 united by the fact that they all contain an position of tender inequality. Russell uses humour in all these good turns to show serious messages, mostly through stereotypes. In every play thither ar two very contrasting social groups, each figure-headed by certain reputations in the stories. For example, in birth Brothers, Mickey figureheads the working discriminate society like Rita does in Educating Rita, and the children do in Our twenty-four hours Out. Whereas Eddie figureheads the middle class society in Blood Brothers, Frank does in Educating Rita, and Mr. Briggs does in Our mean solar day Out.We found that the people from the working class backgrounds were all very broad scoucers, who tended to use slang actors line such as ciggie and chippie. They were what you would call a very typical stereotype of a broad liverpudlian. ab let out o f them had problems as well up. For instance, Mickey in Blood Brothers has family problems because he has many older siblings which means he gets a clutch of hand-me-down clothes and gets bullied by his older brother Sammy who breaks his toys. Rita in Educating Rita has many conflicts with her husband Denny who doesnt want her to lease on with her tuition from Frank.She wants to be educated so that she can have choices. As the play progresses and Rita becomes much educated she begins to make her own decisions, she moves out of her house, ends her relationship with Denny and says I might even have a baby The people from the middle class backgrounds however were made to look rather different. Eddie in Blood Brothers doesnt have to shargon his toys with brothers or sisters like Mickey does, and his mother doesnt have to worry about monetary problems because they have quite a lot of silver.The men that were from the middle class backgrounds (Mr. Briggs and Frank) both wore suits an d seemed to be well educated, living a comfortable lifestyle. This society of people in the stories tended to direct more formally development words such as What in the world is being attain ones cake? Eddie is brought up to speak correctly and not use colloquialisms. In Blood Brothers Micky asks him what a dictionary is and Eddie replies It is a book which tells you the subject matter of words. I think Russell makes the social classes seem so very different to one another(prenominal) in each play, so that when they come together there is a lot of humour, but also a lot of tension between them because neither social class really understand each other. This forms a rich and shortsighted type of scenario for all three plays. In Educating Rita Frank is a rich lector and Rita is a poor university student who has bad problems with her husband at home. In Our Day Out there is a similar contrast between Mr. Briggs the, well-spoken teacher, and the children who come from a poor, run- down area.These rich and poor scenarios are serious messages that Russell conveys in all three plays. Interestingly enough though, it is the people from the middle class backgrounds that turn out to be the most strange of the two societies. Frank in Educating Rita has a fuddle addiction, yet has a comfortable lifestyle and is on a stable income. Mr. Briggs doesnt like the children at the instill where he works because they are less fortunate than himself, he says most of them were rejects on the day they were born. Eddies adoptive mother in Blood Brothers, Mrs. Lyons, is supersticious and unhappy. Quote The shoes The shoes On the tableGet them off Get them off Frank and Mr. Briggs are in many ways the same, they both wear suits and snip smartly, they both have similar lifestyles and they both have some sort of problem (i. e. the drink and the abomination for people less fortunate than him). This is where I think that Blood Brothers is different, it doesnt contain a male charac ter as old as Frank or Mr. Briggs who appears often in the story. Whereas the conversations between adult and youthfulness in the other stories are mainly comical, like in Our Day Out when the two lads are caught smoking at the back of the bus, in Blood Brothers they are more intense.I think Blood Brothers on the whole is more intense. In Blood Brothers Russell uses a narrator drifting in and out of the play at certain times, saying daunting things about the scene that has just happened, or is loss to happen. I believe this represents the devil and is a good way of creating an eerie tension, because he moves to different places on the stage in the play, and you never see his whole face or body, he is always in the shadows. There are no narrators in the two other plays but dramatic devices also cod on the form of dramatic raillery.In Blood Brothers this is shown by the two twins not intimate they are twins, when they first become friends. Later in the story when they find out th ey were born on the same day That means we can be blood brothers the audition can see what is happening, they are going to eventually find out that they are real brothers, and there will be a big disaster because of this. Our Day Out shows dramatic irony when the bus driver is told the children cant bear up under sweets or lemonade lemonade never touches their lips but when the driver turns around they all are munching on chocolate vetoLater on their journey the bus stops at a sweet shop and the consultation sees the shopkeepers talking about raising the prices of the goods in their shop Can I help inflation? The audience now know that the shopkeepers are going to raise their prices, but the children dont. The children get their revenge for being ripped off. They all squeeze into the shop and each time the shopkeepers turn their backs to collect more sweets from the shelves, the kids pocket anything in presence of them.The two shopkeepers are oblivious to the stealing taking p lace until the coach leaves and they realise no money from the till has changed hands Thievin little bastards shouts one of the shopkeepers. Russell also uses the influence of song in Blood Brothers and Our Day Out to show the mood and feelings of the characters as the play progresses. At the beginning of Blood Brothers Mrs. Johnston is seen dancing in a pub singing a song with the lines Oh we went dancing. in the chorus.As the play continues she occasionally sings this line but at a tempo which reflects the mood of the play itself. In Our Day Out the songs are cheerful and uplifting Were off, were off, were off in a motor car. The themes of the three plays are all linked in many ways. As I have said before, social inequality connects all three, another is the fact they are all set in and around Liverpool with some of the characters in each play speaking with a very broad Liverpudlian accent. Finally, the last one is that they all contain an aspect concerning death. I. e.In Blood Brothers, Mickey and Eddie, in Educating Rita, Ritas flatmate tries to commit suicide, and in Our Day Out one of the pupils called carol also attempts to kill herself Try an get me an Ill jump over. I believe that Willy Russell features the aspects of social inequality, hatred, death, abuse, love, irony and humour in each play because he knows they have a hard-hitting impact on the audience. Also I think it is because at some time in his life he has been impact significantly by them and so, involves them in something which he can express his feelings and emotions at. Writing.

Sara Lee Case Study Essay Example for Free

Sara downwind Case Study EssaySara Lee managements should continue concentrate on the food -based industries and trying to link those industries as much as possible. One of their main strengths is blur recognition. People can expect to get premium quality products when they purchase anything from the Sara Lee product line. Sara Lee is struggling in the bakery industries, both North American and International with the exception of fresh breads, a narrowing of product lines may aid make this brand more profitable.They are doing a not bad(p) job in the International Beverage market, with the number one selling item being coffee. The world(prenominal) retail coffee market was expected to grow from $51 jillion in 2009 to $62 billion in 2013. With this being said this market is a cash cow and Sara Lee management should concentre on Coffee and tea in the International Beverage business and they can also get new products to expand the product line. Since they are already the n umber one seller in single-serving coffeemakers, a good idea would be for them to make single-serve pods that are compatible with any single-serve coffeemaker. With a current market share of 40 percent, this will only help increase their overall market share.Since Sara Lee is divesting many of their of their product lines and expect to contain growth in operating expenses through reducing inventory, focusing on promising markets and emphasis on efficiency, they will have more money to use in former(a) places like advertisement. They should do more with putting their name out there. Creating a marketing campaign to convey punt name recognition that has been overshadowed by competitors will help product sales. They can bring back their slogan Nobody does it like Sara Lee. Focusing on profitable products and expanding product line will help the Company have significant gains in shareholder value and improve the companys performance.

Telephone cable Essay Example for Free

Telephone cable EssaySince the victim is an old woman, it is likely that her destruction resulted from a robbery attempt. The eubstance was found suspended above the ground, with the anterior abdomen directly resting on the rally cables. The frame seems to have impacted the cables with some force, as evidenced by the notable horizontal impressions of the cable upon the abdomen. too notable is the absence of livor mortis on the abdomen, indicating that the body was obviously placed/dropped upon the telephone cables some time by and by(prenominal) death. Livor mortis is apparent on the posterior side of the body, except on the blanched bowls of the shoulder blades and buttocks, which are the part of the body that must have been in contact with the ground for some time after death, olibanum also indicating that the body lay horizontally, on its back, for some time postmortem. The wrinkled appearance of the livor mortis in the intrascapular area must have been birthd by c lothing pressing upon the skin.Abrasions on the set out back and on the speeding left abdominal quadrant indicate that the body may have been dragged or subjected to some separate forms of impact/friction, but whether this occurred before or after death is currently hard to determine. The actual cause of death is not apparent from the images. The neighborhood in which the incident took place is a seedy and sum area populated by homeless persons, drug addicts, and the like. The woman had been dead for about 24 hours when her body was found, and neighbors estate they heard nothing unusual during the time frame.She was at the time of her death living with a man about her age. They had been living together for sometime. The man claims not to know anything about what happened, but does state they had been drinking heavily the night before the body was discovered. The death is in almost all likelihood the result of a crime, as can be conjectured from the location, and also from the p ostmortem removal of the body to the stomach position on the telephone cable, and the presence of postmortem laceration on the hilltop and the abrasions on the abdomen and lower back.As there is no livor mortis on the head and legs, as would have happened if the body had been deposited on the telephone cable premortem or immediatly after death, we can conclude that the body was placed on the telephone cables after death, a further indication of malicious intent. The sequence of events are likely as follows after the assaulter killed the victim, he/she probably waited for dark before attempting to get rid of the crimes evidence, including the body.The attacker must have dragged the body, and therefore pushed it over the railings of the balcony. Somewhere along this process the abrasions on the abdomen and lower back and the laceration on the forehead might have been inflicted. When the criminal pushed the body off the balcony, perhaps with the intent dropping it to the ground and after hiding the body for good, the rigor mortis that had set in due to the long wait between death and disposal caused the body to catch on the telephone cable.

Stress in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Stress in Nursing EssayOne of the definitions of tenor offered in belles-lettres is Stress is the psychological and physical state that roots when perceived demands exceed an individuals ability to cope with them. The profession of nursing has thrived over the past century into a respected and demand member of the health care arena. However, the approaching of the profession, and more imminently, patient care and the health of nurses, whitethorn be signifi sacktly come toed by repeat challenges in the contemporary era where current levels of STRESS and burnout are contributing to organizational problems, burnout, and attrition. According to the oblige The effect of stress on health and its implications for nursing, stress is seen as a negative feeling touch peoples health either physically and/or psychologically. However, stress is a normal part of life and considered necessary to increase functional capacity. This article identifies and discusses the effect of stres s on health and its relationship to nursing.First, according to the authors of the article, the effectuate of stress on health and its implications for nursing, stress affects people in different ways and is recognized as a cause of physical and _PSYCHOLOGICAL_ ill health. For example, Psychological reactions to stress produce emotional responses ranging from exhilaration, when an event is nerve-racking but manageable, to worry, anger, discouragement and depression when an event appears to be unmanageable. In addition, _PHYSIOLOGICAL_ responses refer to the internal responses within the automobile trunk that regulate physiological processes in an optimal way to adapt to the demands of the melt environment.Therefore, physiological response to stress causes the bodys metabolism to increase in preparation for expending energy on physical action, thereby curtailing extrinsic activities such as digestion, saliva and mucus production which over a long period can be harmful. The shor t-term symptoms of stress include headache, muscular tension, chest pains, indigestion, palpitations disturbed sleep and increased force to respiratoryinfections.Second point in this article discusses stress relationship to nursing. The most important imaging in any organization is the employee therefore maintaining and supporting their health is vital to ensure their ability to work, to watch standards and continuously improve standards of care. According to the article the effects of stress on health and its implications for nursing, stress may also affect the wellbeing of the nurse with a positive correlation between stress and sensory system disturbance with common effects including anxiety and irritability, depression and mood swings.Also, this article states that nurses express dissatisfaction regarding lack of autonomy, and bore a coping mechanism to reduce stress termed avoidance behaviors. This avoidance behavior may result in a loss of the caring element of nursing by giving only a clinical response to those in their care. Stress can claim a significant impact on individual nurses and their ability to accomplish tasks. More specifically, poor decision making, lack of concentration, apathy, decreased motivation and anxiety may impair job performance, creating uncharacteristic errors. All of which can directly contribute towards absenteeism, decreased work performance, and ultimately, burnout.The information given in the article was found to be factual. The facts that the author used to support the debate are issued guidance from National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2009), Health and Safety executive (HSE) (2007), and The American Nurses Association (2005). However, I found that the information given in the article is faulty because the information that the author is giving is a world-wideization from the literature and other author findings. There isnt any bias, propaganda or stereotyping. The author is not backing up his/he r information with any studies.After I read this article, I think the effect on the general public specially nurses and other healthcare professionals will be very positive. This article inform virtually the effects of stress in health therefore the general public, nurses and other healthcare professionals are going to be moreperceptive about their health and the impact that stress could cause when they delivering care to others. Furthermore, some recommendations the author suggests in this article are that shift nurses who have family care-giving responsibilities at home should be encouraged to avoid working consecutive 12-hour shifts and a special concentrate on is required to concentrate on limiting the physical and psychological workloads that may significantly increase physiological strain on ageing nurses. Also, the author suggests to promote wellbeing among older staff nurses, nurse managers may consider providing flexible shift hours, ergonomic modifications, wellness prog rammers, and transferring older nurses from bedside nursing to mentoring younger nurses.Finally, my reaction about this article isnt surprising. Today, the number of medical lawsuit for negligence and malpractice is increasing, and it has to do a lot with stress heed among health care professionals. For example, nurses are in constant tension. A splash of contaminated body fluid, a needle stick incident, lifting patients heaviest than them, etc., could jeopardize their life therefore nurses not only have mental toil but also physical. As a consequence, errors and poor delivery of care can occur.

The Extraction of Aluminium Essay Example for Free

The pargonntage of Aluminium EssayThe metal atomic number 13 is a very important to numerous of the worlds industries how ever it requires a special process called electrolysis to get out it bring other metals which is coarsely found with. As i mentioned aluminium is an extremely useful metal and has many uses which we depend on in our day-by-day lifes which atomic number 18 any thing from packaging to being use in transportation.This means that we start out to to be able to extract aluminium, as it is extremely rare to set about aluminium as a free metal. In detail, it is know to combine with over 270 other metals. Extraction is a major problem for aluminium and there is no ideal solution. However there are many not so perfect solutions that are currently being practiced today. In this essay I allow for smack into some of the limitations and benefits of the current extraction techniques. I forget also look at some of the economic and environmental effects the ext raction of aluminium has.When aluminium is extracted from the other metals it moldiness go through processes called electrolysis. Aluminium is not an easy metal to extract from other metals it is found in nature with, therefore it takes a lot of electricity to extract aluminium. Because it is such an energy consuming processe researchers draw found ways to cut down the energy usage by adding different compounds to the aluminium. The most common way to do this is to add molton cryolite to the molton aluminium. With adding molton cryolite to the molton aluminium alone it effectively tear downs the temperature needed extract from 2000C to 950C, that is more than a 50% decrease in the required temperature 2.However due to the fact that the oxygen reacts with the carbon positive electrodes this can cause an inconvenience. When oxygen (O) reacts with carbon (C) it forms carbon dioxide (CO2). When the carbon dioxide forms it ingest away the positive electrode over time. As the positive electrodes are eaten away they must be replaced on a frequent and regular basis, this is a negatieve inconvenience that further adds to the cost of producing aluminum which is already senior high school form the turgid amount of energy that is needed 3.In the remainder of this essay I will look at the aluminium electrolysis plant located in Reydarfjordur, Iceland. I will look at some of the environmental and economic consequences of this plant run by Alcoa. When a new plant or factory is created it can either be good or a bad thing and have both positive and negative effects on the economy and the environnent.With this plant in Reydarfjordur it has a ample effect on the economy as it brings many new jobs to this not yet developed kingdom of Iceland. In order to build this plant it requires around 1800 temporary jobs. After the plant is in a running and stable condition it will require about 450 people on a daily basis as well as another 300 jobs that will be indirectly created 1. As jobs in the eastern Iceland or Reydarfjordur area have been steadily decreasing over time this will hopefully boost the employment rate and provide jobs for many.When extracting aluminium there is no environmentally friendly solution however many new plants, including the Alcoa plant in Reydarfjordur have much dismay emissions than others that are older or less environmentally friendly. The new plan for the Alcoa plant in Reydarfjordur has significantly lower emission rates than other Alcoa plants which are all within local standards. Alcoa claims they are a large supporter of sustainable development and for this plant alone they have over 60 experts looking in to and implementing ways to preserve our environment. This new factory meets and exceeds all European Union and Icelandic emissions requirements, this is the first shade to creating a sustainable plant. In fact, a recent study regarding this factory shows Alcoa factory located in Iceland had 35% lover CO2 emissions tha n other leading aluminum plants. As well as having lower CO2 emissions they also boast 40% less PFC emissions and a 80% lower atomic number 7 oxide emissions 1.Bibliography1. Alcoa. Acoa. 2 Feb. 2008 http//www.alcoa.com/iceland/en/info_page/reydarfjordur.asp.2. Various. Alumiumum. Wikipedia. 1 Feb. 2008. 2 Feb. 2008 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium.3. Extraction of AL. BBC. 2 Feb. 2008 http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/usefulproductsrocks/electrolysisrev3.shtml.

Natives and the Justice System Essay Example for Free

Natives and the Justice System EssayThe Angus viewed the relationship amid Ab jobal multitude and the Europeans in various ways. The Europeans in the particular context appeared to be superior since they had instigated many activities during the fur trade. An interaction mingled with the particular cultures existed. It saw the union of marriage arise between a young girl of Ojibwa origin and a certain Scottish fur trader. She resided on the shores of the Georgian Bay. The union derived various benefits to her community plainly the marriage life of Ikwe was marked with isolation and destitution. The Scottish people did not approve the union. Various determine and customs often contradicted and drove the relationship that existed between the Scottish trader and Ikwe. The Europeans had at that time embraced and espouse oppression with slavery and forced trade being the mode of operation. The marriage was not perceived come up since in that respect was no unity at that time b etween the European settlers and the Africans. Any collaboration between the uncreated people and the European settlers was viewed negatively by the indigenous people who resided in that particular community. The fair settlers and traders ruled the lands at that time and treaties were a rare occurrence. Marriage between a trader and an indigen girl had various perceptions and it was evident that no form of collaboration would exist between the two families there by dismantling the very basic principles of marriage and family.From Angus perspective, various elements stayed hidden between the Aboriginal peoples relationship with the Europeans. The tension that existed between the people superseded the benefits that the community derived from the Europeans. The local traditions feared for the life of Ikwe since she would accept new ways and forget the customs within which she was bread.Angus did not view Aboriginal people to be equal to the Europeans. According to him the Europeans were more superior. In the movie, the aboriginals were offered less attention by the government compared to the Europeans. The Europeans were apt(p) priority in the public offices1. The others were perceived and treated as humble and irrelevant. The aboriginals had low paying jobs and others were enslaved by the Europeans. This explains why the Europeans opposed the marriage between Ikwe and the trader. Ikwe was an aboriginal and they were regarded as inferior and less intelligent compared to the Europeans. The aboriginals were seen as workers and employees of the Europeans and they criticized the marriage especially the Scottish trader for stooping too low to marry an aboriginal. This clearly depicts that the European society was considered to be superior and more appreciated compared to the other people.In the film, the aboriginals were alienated and markd from the Europeans. They had separate residential areas where the Europeans leaved under better and conducive areas compar ed to the aboriginals. The aboriginals have restricted movement and they mainly solemn in shanties where the living conditions were very poor and high level of poverty and insecurity. In the places of work, the Europeans were considered for the bigger positions and responsibilities. notwithstanding Europeans took the leadership positions and the aboriginals were treated as minorities whose rights were ever infringed.In the video, Angus views the aboriginal people as inferior to the Europeans. They are alienated and treated as minorities with no rights. The Europeans considered themselves superior and more intelligent1ReferencesMilward, David. Aboriginal Justice and the get hold of Realizing a Culturally Sensitive Interpretation of Legal Rights. UBC Press, 2012.Ikwe. Directed by Norma Bailey. 1986.Source document

Aristotle and Aurelius Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Aurelius EssayAristotles Nicomachean Ethics goes to show that he believes that the end refinement of all merciful beingity actions is eudaimonia, or happiness through success and fulfillment. Following this concept Aristotle goes on to explain that through virtuosity a human universe goat carry a happy tone. He defines sexual morality as a disposition to make the correct decisions that lead to the promontory fair of happiness. A perfect example is when he describes someone who does an action well as being good, but they are only considered good because of their distinctive activity. The distinctive activity for human beings poop be considered our rationale. This is where virtue comes into play in the matter, but this variation could also be deciphered as excellence. Human beings do every single thing they do for a reason and that reason is to help towards an end goal. Although it may seem like the end goal might be something good like eating lunch, it is actually a chain to the ultimate good which is being happy.Happiness in Aristotles slang is not second-by-second or even minute-by-minute but an entire lifetime. This is because we view happiness as and end goal which we hope to achieve by death and that way you can look back on a someones life to see if they succeeded in their goal, through arrant(a) honourable vulcanized fiber and blameless quick character and through the act of temperance. A life-time of that act can contract a happy, fulfilling, and successful life.Being virtuous come through two different ship canal in our actions as said by Aristotle, Excellence being of two mannikins, then, the one intellectual and the early(a) of character, the intellectual sort roughlyly both comes into existence and increases as a result of teaching whereas excellence of character results from robesuation (Nicomachean Ethics, 1103a15). Intellectual virtue comes from teaching, experience, and time bit character virtue is fo rmed through the habit of repeated virtuous actions and constant practice.This allows for every human being to potentially conduct a virtuous moral character for the fact that it cannot be bring outed but only practiced, and not one psyche can be innate(p) already virtuous. The only problem with this concept is that there is no consider guideline in which to descend in order to become virtuous and, ultimately, happy. Basically Aristotle explains that you can chance on virtue in the middle ground of your actions, for xample, he says For to arrive at one of the two extremes is more erroneous, to arrive at the other less so, since it is hard to hit upon intermediate with extreme accuracy, one should induce to the oars and sail that way, as they say, grasping what is least noisome of what is available (Nicomachean Ethics, 1109a35) There is no teaching as to why, for example, courage is preferred over cowardice or rashness but that you need to practice being courageous in order to understand the reasoning for being courageous.This is true for all virtuous traits and merits of the human character and by combining the moral and intellectual teachings and habits can you start on the path of a virtuous disposition. The key to virtue is keeping at bottom a balance between the ill-doings. For an excessive vice there is excessive pleasure but also excessive pain and for the opposite there is no pleasure and no pain. The key is in a state of temperance in order to push back hold the correct amount of pleasure for a healthy lifestyle and choices.Aristotles views show that someone with a virtuous disposition should automatically or naturally choose the best action or behavior in any circumstances without having to rely on reason because the virtuous habit has been already learned. In reception to someone arguing against an accidental choice, these views only perceive the deliberate and voluntary choices made by the person of virtue.Also a virtuous moral chara cter provide always aim for the good while un solely character will try to aim for what is their perception or the apparent good as said in That wish is for the end, we have already said but to some it seems to be for the good, whereas to others it seems to be for the apparent good. The consequence, for those who say that the object of wish is the good, is that what the person making an incorrect choice wishes for is not wished for.. (Nicomachean Ethics, 1113a10).A virtuous person will always do the right thing and will never be surprised by their actions, nor will they do it the right thing with an ulterior motive. Though you cannot live a happy life just with a virtuous disposition because you still need to act within accordance to virtue, you absolutely cannot live a happy life without virtue. Having virtue in your actions will lead to the final goal of happiness because it far outweighs the happiness found in pleasure, awards or merits. II.Marcus Aurelius was a philosopher-kin g and emperor moth of the Roman Empire and was considered of of the most influential Stoic philosophers of all time. His greatest work Meditations is an honest act of Aurelius thoughts as they were found in journal form, never meant to be publicized. He wrote these books for himself as a sort of guideline and thought-provoking inward voice. In his works of Meditations, Marcus Aurelius doesnt use arguments as a way to get his fountainhead across but rather states his words as truths and seems to be very confident in his uses.It seems he is prying at the meaning of life, the whys and hows of it all on the idea of living. He is very pall in his use of understating the human existence in the world and compares them to specks in the grand scheme, but the point of this is to provide a sort of carpe diem lifestyle. By letting yourself let go of the things you cannot control, you begin to gain a better understanding of the things you can control and act accordingly. We were born to work together like feet, hand and eyes, like two rows of teeth, upper and lower.To obstruct each other is unnatural. To feel anger at someone, to sour your back on him these are obstructions. (Meditations, 17). This quote goes to show how you cannot allow yourself to get angry at some other person for what they have done, but to continue your existence and recognize what you need to do. He advises in his literary works To shrug it all off and wipe it clean-every annoyance and distraction-and reach utter phlegm. (Meditations, 54) and once you can do that you can realize what is natural.Stoicism being a very popular philosophy in antiquated Rome for it called for a cosmic determinism in relation to human freedom by a reduplicate will to that of Nature . Aurelius,himself, was a firm believer in the Logos, which can be identified as a principle a guiding force for the universe, human beings and all matter. In fact, it is one of the most meaning(a) concepts in Stoicism for the anci ent Romans of the time. The stark and manly belief that every single citizen had a duty, whether they were a king or a peasant, were expected to follow it to the best of their abilities.The term utter stillness is used to acknowledge the state of no distractions. By achieving this you can focus solely on bewitch actions and how to follow your own road by the way of Nature on an unconscious level. Not by thinking about it but by acting naturally should you continue to help others, work for yourself, never stopping but continuing to reply to Natures demands. To do this all under the Logos, in order to come upon our common sense and avoid the annoying distractions all the while by controlling these actions through your inner unconscious/conscious self. III.The Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Roman philosopher-king Marcus Aurelius can be compared and contrasted in their similar and different ways of thoughts. First you can compare Aristotles ideas on eudaimonia and Aurelius use of utter stillness to help follow the logos, also the final step of death as the end of ones jaunt towards a life of fulfillment. Contrastingly, they have different outlooks on purpose of human life and how to lead to the fulfilling of that said life. Stoicism was developed within the framework of Greek theory and philosophies from Plato and Aristotle so obviously there are bound to be some(prenominal) similarities.Both of these men were truly brilliant and ground-breaking in their respective ways of thought and led centuries of intellectuals to attend for more fulfillment and happinesss in their lives. Some big differences between Aristotle and Aurelius were there views on mortality or death. While Aristotle concludes that our lives are given to us and as valuable as human beings want to make them, the Stoics view on life is that is shaped by death and that the thoughts, choices and actions are just based on the knowledge of death.Eudaimonia is a subject in which Aristotle and Aur elius were familiar with in their literary productions about philosophical life. Aristotle thought of eudaimonia as an activity done with virtue performed rationally and consciously. Aurelius and the other Stoics insist that the way for eudaimonia is to live a morally virtuous life, in regards to the fact that virtue is good, vices are bad and most everything else is neutral. A popular argument for this where a death in the family would be involved, according to Aristotle, that would rob the most virtuous person of their eudaimonia while the Stoics would consider that neutral.Another interest fact about Aristotle is how he acknowledges how dumb luck can aid or block the journey for eudaimonia, for example being born beautiful or losing close friends and family. Basically, they agree that eudaimonia is self-sufficient the chief goal in life and that eudaimonia is the most complete end result. Virtue is very important to both philosophers and their ways of thinking and considers it a bsolutely crucial for eudaimonia. Aristotle and Aurelius can agree that no one is born just virtuous as it must be an act learned.Virtue is believed to be how one can control their emotions for it helps them to stay stable and in moderation. Overall, living life virtuously is living a life full of dignity. Marcus Aureliuss view is a much(prenominal) more justified view because it is more fresh and more adaptable. As the stoicism wants people to better themselves within reasonable goals and change values into something that will bring upon an unconscious change so that they may make better decisions consciously. Aristotle instead relies too much on a proper upbringing and calls the loss of good and friends as a prevention of eudaimonia.Stoics learn to realize what is out of their control and move on to what they can control. Aristotelian views also say that if a person dies early that it is a tragedy and that they were taken away before they reached their prime which in the Stoics eyes, a virtuous person should never be afraid of death because their life is sufficient when living a virtuous life. The difference continues when viewing the topic of emotions for Aristotelian that emotions are not good nor bad, only bad when expressed inappropriately while the Stoics think the whole point of eudaimonia is to be free from emotion. in the long run the stoics dont see a difference between the rich, poor, slaves or free men, because in their views material and external things can no impact on their dignity, whereas Aristotle believes that a life based on virtues along with enough material and external goods like freedom, wellbeing, and close friends lead to a life of dignity. Overall, Aurelius and the Stoics have create upon and modified Aristotles view to be more realistic and to try and be more approbatory in leading the best possible life no matter the circumstances.

A Brief Look at the Distribution of Soda Essay Example for Free

A Brief realise at the dispersion of Soda EssayThe third element of the marketing mix is place or also called distribution. Distribution is described as the movement of goods and work from the source through with(predicate) the distribution channel, respectable up to the final consumer and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the original producer. Distribution is a very significant aspect of the marketing mix it can decide whether a niggling business can argue with the big businesses. Distribution takes a major role in the harvest-festival stage of the product life cycle referable to its ability to not only help cuckold the product, but to also allow their product to advertise itself. If a gild foc determinations mainly on forward motion and never really sets up a good distribution channel, their efforts leave behind be lost due to the lack of ease for a consumer to purchase their product. Even the perfect product, attractively priced and ingeniously promoted, cannot be sell without a means of distributing it to consumers (Russ Kirkpatrick, pg.297).Distribution ChannelA distribution channel is the sequence of firms that sell, buy, or birth products as those products move from manufacturers and producers to end buyers (Russ Kirkpatrick, pg.297). Every channel mustiness have at least ii members or levels. These levels atomic number 18 the producer or seller, and the user or buyer. in that location are also two dissimilar kinds of members that are kn induce as middlemen, these middlemen are known as sellers and wholesalers. The distribution channel is and will remain a problematic marketing subfunction for most firms because of the built-in conflicts between manufacturer and reseller (Bonoma, pg.49). Manufacturers must hunt through these different take to attain diverse markets to reach their ultimate goal provide their customers with what they fatality, where they want it, and when they want it.Orange Crus h SodaAn example would be the soft soak up business and how they cover to pass on their product through the different channels so that they are able to distribute in large areas. An enormous consumer goods company, known as Procter and Gamble, decided in 1980 to buy Crush, a soft drink business, with intent to try and compete with Coke, Pepsi, and other large soft drink businesses. Procter and Gamble were famous for being a leader in a greatmany product categories because of their marketing indicatorhouse. P G remained at a serious disadvantage with its big competitors and the difference was distribution. The large soft drink companies had well-established networks of bottlers most the country who mix the products in quantity and distribute them to sellers in their area (Russ Kirkpatrick, pg.296). P G had the message to manufacture their soft drinks in large quantities and were able to promote their product well, but lacked the resources to help them distribute their resou rces around the country.Logistics and Supply-Chain ManagementLogistics and supply-chain management are part of the distribution strategy. Logistics is the process of coordinating the flow of information, goods, and services among members of the distribution channel (Kurtz, pg.416). Supply-chain management is the control of purchasing, processing, and delivery through which raw materials are transformed into products and do available to final consumers (Kurtz, pg. 416). Manufacturers use these kinds of companies to distribute their product to other parts of the country instead of onerous to establish new manufacturing buildings their self.Kane is Able is a logistics company who concentrates on drinkable warehousing and logistics. They have 6 warehouses across the United States, which makes it easier for them to distribute across a wide area. KANE works with Coca-Cola to help distribute their product. They use physical distribution to focus on customer satisfaction, inventory contr ol, materials handling, protective packaging, order processing, and warehousing. Well-planned marketing channels and effective logistics and supply-chain management provide ultimate users with convenient ways for obtaining the goods and services they desire (Kurtz, pg. 416).High be of DistributionMiddlemen are business firms that help the company find customers or make sales to them (Kotler Armstrong, pg.118). Middlemen or resellers make it easier for a company because a soda bottling company can work with a logistics company such as Kane is Able, who will keep their product in stock, package their product, distribute it around the country, and plane promote their product. These services have never been cheap and have actually increased because manufacturers no durable have small, independentmiddlemen. Instead they now face large and growing middlemen who have great power to dictate terms or shut the manufacturer out of large markets. Critics charge that there are too many middl emen or that middlemen are inefficient, provide unnecessary or duplicate services, and practice brusque management and planning (Kotler Armstrong, pg.520). Consequently, distribution costs are high and consumers end up paying higher(prenominal) prices.Jones SodaJones Soda is a company who started out in the beverage world as a distributor in western Canada and eventually established itself as a full line beverage manufacturer. Jones was able to utilize its experience and knowledge gained in the distribution industry to create some of its own brands. Jones Soda Co. placed its own coolers in some truly unique venues, such as skate, breaker and snowboarding shops, tattoo and piercing parlors, as well as in individual fashion stores and national retail clothing and music stores. Once they were able to execute these means of distribution they began to place their product in convenience and food stores, and eventually in larger chain stores such as Starbucks, Panera Bread, Barnes Nobl e, Safeway, Target, Cost Plus, Meijers, Winn-Dixies stores, Albertsons, and 7-Eleven stores. upright piano Marketing SystemsUnlike conventional channels, vertical marketing governing bodys are preplanned and centrally managed distribution networks (Russ Kirkpatrick, pg.300). The three different categories of vertical marketing systems are corporate, contractual, and administered systems. Coke and Pepsi are examples of administered vertical marketing systems. Administered systems involve comprehensive selling programs that are developed and agreed to by both the manufacturer, or sometimes wholesaler, and the retailer (Russ Kirkpatrick, pg.305). It would be goofy if Coke or Pepsi were to open a store that only sells its product, because it sells best when offered with other products.In an administered system Coke would achieve coordination in the channel through support of other channel members rather than through ownership or contractual agreement. In order for Coke to succeed w ith an administered system it must be based on mutual respect and understanding. Suppliers recognize the problems, goals, and policies of retailers, whilethe retailers respect the manufacturers capabilities (Russ Kirkpatrick, pg.305). outcomeThe soda companies that make the most profit are the companies that have a well-established plan for distributing their product. Soda manufacturers must realize that in order to be the best they are going to need help distributing their product. It is a team effort to move a product from a manufacturer, to a retailer, and then to a consumer. There are many different channels available to take in order to reach a consumer, but in the end soda companies will need the help from middlemen in order to compete with big businesses and to become one of the best.ReferencesBonoma, T. V. (1985). The marketing edge. New York, NY The Free Press.Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (1987). Marketing An introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall Inc.Kurtz, D. L. ( 2008). Contemporary marketing. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning.Russ, A. R., Kirkpatrick, C. A. (1982). Marketing. Canada humble Brown Company.

Various forms of the supernatural in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Various forms of the wizardly in Macbeth EssayShakespe ar uses various forms of the supernatural in Macbeth, much(prenominal) as the witches, ghosts, visions and even Lady Macbeth. However, in the first place analysing how and why he utilised the supernatural, it must first be ascertained why he was adapted to make use of the supernatural. At the time in which Shakespeare wrote Macbeth (the beginning of the 17th century) it was widely believed that witches existed and possessed unrighteous powers, the most common and stereotypical of which were known to all people of this period. Even the king (James I) upheld this belief as is demonstrated in his essay entitled Daemonologie in which he states, The fearefull aboundinge at this time in this countrie, of these unspeakable slaves of the Devil, the witches or enchanters, hath moved me. Therefore it was possible for Shakespeare to make use of the supernatural in Macbeth as his present-day(a) earshot would have readily believed it. His use of the supernatural in Macbeth could similarly be seen as flattery of the king by Shakespeare, showing his support for the kings theories in order to win his favour and even boon towards Shakespeares future productions.Shakespeare uses the supernatural to render a certain ambiguity was Macbeth thoroughly evil, or did the witches directly spend him to his ultimate destruction?Firstly, with his use of language and description, he creates a tremendous image of the three witches to deliberately frighten the interview. He in any case makes use of stereotypical ideas ab push through witches to make it clear that these are accredited witches, witches that the audience of the time would have believed in without question. He incorporates both of these eventors with the stage direction of Thunder and whitening every time the witches enter. Bad weather conditions such as thunder, lightening and rain are fluid a common tool utilize to create frightening situations in ho rror films of today. However, Shakespeare does not passive suggest the supernatural but actually states the three hags to be witches.The use of three is also noteworthy as it is supposed to be a magical or mystical number. In the first act, the witches are already predicting the future That will be ere the set of sun, which is a supernatural power the Jacobean audience believed witches to possess. Another common belief about witches is introduced in the first act by the lines, I exercise Graymalkin, and, Paddock calls. Witches were thought to have familiars which were demons who helped with their evil work. Therefore, by the end of the first act, Shakespeare has already established that these are authentic witches with real powers, thereby indicating that the supernatural is going to play a significant part in the play. end-to-end the play Shakespeare deliberately includes these widely believed powers that witches were supposed to have, which suggests that the witches and the supernatural do affect the outcome of events and that Macbeth was not completely to blame. The line, Sleep shall neither night nor day hang upon his penthouse lid, is an example of the witches power over humans and could also suggest that when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth cannot sleep later in the play, the witches might have something to do with this. There is then a constant reminder of the fact that it could be the witches controlling things but alternatively there is still the possibility that they merely suggest and Macbeth is indeed in control of his own actions. In Act 1 Scene 3 the real powers of the witches are reiterated in preparation for the entry of Macbeth.The common practises of witches are one time again included, such as that they could sail in a sieve and turn themselves into animals, in a sieve Ill thither sail, and like a rat without a tail and also that they had the dexterity to change the weather Ill withstand thee a wind. The point of the line, Yet it shall be tempest -tossed. is to genuinely instil in the audience the power of the supernatural and this is aided by the rhythmic chant that is construct up by this spell. Shakespeare is portraying the witches as a powerful team of wicked, evil women, all in preparation for Macbeth to enter. This appears to indicate that Shakespeare is showing the audience that the supernatural will have power over Macbeth however as they had power over the Master of the Tiger.An important aspect, however, in deciding on Macbeths responsibility for his actions is the fact that he asks the witches to speak Speak if you can, he invites the supernatural into his life. At this point, the witches ability to foresee the future is used again in the form of two predictions. The first is that he will be Thane Of Cawdor, this is frightening for the audience as they already know he will get this title and therefore their prediction is on the face of it correct . The second prediction is that he shalt be king her eafter. This poses the question are the witches merely vainglorious Macbeth the suggestion from which he formulates the idea himself, are they simply telling him his fate, or is it the witches actions that cause Macbeth to carry out the deed of killing Duncan. It is noticeable that after this prediction Macbeth is said to be rapt withal, indicating that he is surprise by this but at this point he is still able to dismiss all dishonorable thoughts.In Act 4 Scene 1, Shakespeares use of language to create a grotesque and terrifying image of the supernatural can be seen once again. The use of repulsive and cruel images such as, fingerbreadth of birth-strangle babe, ditch-delivered by a drab, illustrate the gruesome scenes deliberately included by Shakespeare to terrify the audience. The horror is visualized with the use of an onomatopoeic chant, Double, double toil and trouble fire burn and cauldron bubble.This line also sounds particularly sinister as a result of the alliteration, assonance and consonance used together to create a powerful incantation. Common stereotypes are used yet again in the form of images of the night, such as darkness, moons eclipse and wool of bat. Disgusting images of dismembered reptiles are also included such as, Adders fork, and blind-worms sting, lizards leg A contemporary reference is made by the words blaspheming Jew and nose of Turk, and Tartars lips because the audience would have been completely Christian and these peoples would have been destined for hell.Once the seen has been set, the witches can play a significant role in that they give Macbeth a false confidence by misleading him with riddles this is used by Shakespeare to create dramatic irony.

Vivisection and whether it should be morally accepted for the benefits of human beings

Vivisection and whether it should be mor anyy accepted for the benefits of benevolent beings fulfillk topic Vivisection and whether it should be mor completelyy accepted for the benefits of kind-hearted beings.This propound attempts to come up that vivisection should be morally accepted by the society. In essence, the report touches on the importance of vivisection in medicate and early(a)(a) non-medicine products alike. It is stated that vivisection had save many continues. This has been done by organ transplantation. Our understanding about puppets had overly been im telld. living creature arouseation also benefits the medicine argona when new vaccinum and treatment is discover. This has helped to provide relegate understanding of our body system. Lastly, vivisection is compulsory for the preventive trials of non-medicinal product to avoid any defects. animals much(prenominal) as non-rodents ar needed as utilise world as orbit of experimentation is con sidered an immoral act. Ask the experimenters wherefore they experiment on physicals, and the answer is because the faunas ar like us. Ask the experimenters why is it morally okay to experiment on animals, and the answer is because the animals argon not like us. Animal experimentation rests on a sensible contradiction.(Charles L. Magel, n.d)We, valet argon afraid of e reallything. We be afraid of uncertainty and a hardening of experiences from the past argon not forgotten. There was a hatch of human dying for the wrong reasons. We went to the hospital to disclose a retrieve instead the cure becomes a poison. Now is the sequence where animal examination come in. Animal testing or often called vivisection is a cover of testing new products and medicines on animals for the benefit of human beings. In United Kingdom, the Medicines Act of 1986 declares that all medicines have to be tested on at least 2 mammals and one of them must be non-rodent (Shandilya, 2008). This a ct was introduced when the Thalidomide drug was discovered to cause serious carnal deformities in babies born to the mother who had taken it during pregnancy. This problem happen as Thalidomide was not tested on animals (specifically pregnant animals) before. Since then, many countries had followed the lead of United Kingdom and enforced the law on animal testing. sooner a product are commercializes, it has to be tested on any animals that have the closest deoxyribonucleic acid with human. A long process involving animal, in-vitro (i.e. in test tube) and using calculator program take positioning before a products foundation be offered to consumer (Shandilya, 2008). Most drug authorities have to pass all of this before a trial enkindle be conducted on human.Unfortunately, in order to provide the topper things for human beings, we have to hurt the animals. When vivisection is carried out, animals have to converge in order for the scientist to monitor the operations that coge ncy occur. In cosmetics specifically for gist mascara, it had to be tested on rabbits eyes. Morally, it is truly cruel to do that and permit the animal suffer. However, this cruel act is needed to make sure that there is no side effect of applying mascara on our human being eyes. In pharmaceutical industry, decision cure and vaccine for AIDS has become a very valuable goal to achieve. A lot of animals had to be sacrificed barely sooner or later, we ordaining find it. This has been proven by history when we had finally succeeded in finding vaccines for life threatening indispositions such as hydrophobia, Hepatitis B and Herpes Simplex (Shandilya, 2008). The journey to find the cure or vaccine for many ignominious illnesss which involves torturing the animals had cause the NGO such as PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) to take actions. Members of PETA had been fighting against animal testing since new look into methods such as computer forges, human studie s and cell cultures had been invented. They feel that all of these methods are more humane and accurate than animal testing. This view had been opposed by scientists and researchers as volume of them are saying that animal testing is the best look to detect any flaws in products and medicines.We can see very clearly that there are many strong opinions and thought on the subject of animal testing. The main question is that should vivisection be morally accept qualified to evolve products and medicines that will benefit human beings?When we look closer into this, we can see that vivisection should be morally accepted. This will bring a lot more benefits for us, human beings and the animals too. This has been proven when heart worm practice of medicine has been formulated by researching on animals and until direct, it had cut back the number of death of dogs. search on animals had also provided better understanding on cat sustenance and the reasons on why cat had been healthier and live longer are better understood.This report will show convincing evidence of why animal testing should be morally acceptable to develop products and medicines for human beings. The research findings are narrowed to the Asian country and United States of America as this both are the advanced leader on producing products and medicines in the world.2.0 Vivisection saves many lives.It is scientifically proven that animal testing had save many life. Testing household compounds, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products has been a common practice for a very long time. It is estimated that nearly 20 gazillion animals are utilize for animal experimentation purposes, 15 million are tested for medication and 10 million are tested for other products (Shandilya, 2008). A lot of time is required to develop product and vaccines. The pressure to find cure for HIV infection is arouse as this complaint is increasing day by day. To find the effective drugs and vaccine has been proven tight as HIV is very good at changing its structure and evading destruction.In reality, scientists are able to test thousand of different vaccine in human participants. By doing this method, we can see directly whether there are any cures, treats or vaccine to be found (Shandilya, 2008). However, these actions would be highly long and dangerous to human. This is because all of these compounds whitethorn not be effective and cause sickness or death. Animals are the best substitutes as we have to focus on reducing human trouble oneself first. Despite the position that the prevention of animal suffering and death is still important, but it is still secondary to human pain.2.1 organ transplantation. When each one of our family members is hale and hearty, we will find that it is very difficult for us as to why the innocent animals are used for testing purposes that will results in killing them. But, it will usually bring down to make sense when someone in the family or our own self starts suffering fatal diseases. This is when animal testing came handy. Testing on animals had help discovered a lot of life threatening diseases including rabies and malaria (Shandilya, 2008).One of the major(ip) finding of vivisection is organ transplantation. Skin, corneas and various other internal variety meat can now be safely transferred to others patient in need. Without the knowledge of transplantation immunology in biology, this procedure could never be declared as a safe and standard procedure now, (Harvard style, 1988). Nowadays, more than 30,000 Americans have undergone heart and liver-colored transplantation and they survived. There are some that had retained their sight because of cornea transplant.During the World War 2, the treatment for erupt victims had become very important and British biologist P. B. Medawar (1944) had found a way to do pare down transplantation. He had used the Freemantin cattle as his models. A Freemantin is a sexually developed female overawe that is born as a twin of a normal male cow. Thus, the hormones from the male cow reached through the placental vessel and make its sterile. This experimentation had showed that the skin and other tissues of the female and male Freemantin twins will produce success result at any stage of their lives. They were suitable for each other as they had been exposed with each others cells since they were born. Moreover, animal testing had helped us to know more about virus colligate to organ transplantation rejection (Harvard Style, 1988). This discovery had signalled a new era in immune system with full results for the sake of health in treatment of diseases not for human and animals too.2.2 Better understanding of animals.We can prove that animal testing benefits not only human but animals too. When the research is conducted in the veterinary schools and other institutions, it proved that animals too gain benefit from the research. Research on animal coldms had discovered way to affi x productivity and quality of the animals product. Simultaneously, researchers had also found a way to reduce the sufferings and increase the health of the animals. The cure for some lethal disease on animals had also been found. One of the examples is the cure for Potomac fever in horses (Harvard Style, 1988).Research that is aimed on human can also help in finding vaccine for animals. While finding a cure for human beings, a host of antibiotics and vaccine had been found applicable for animals too (Harvard Style, 1988).The major benefits of vivisection on animals are that it helped in reproduction of the endangered species. The abilities to eliminate parasitism to treat illnesses and the usage of anaesthetic had alter the health and survival of many species. The knowledge gained from genetic studies has allowed appropriate management of species that are facing extinction. Research in successful breeding had reduced the need for importation of many species especially monkeys (Harv ard Style, 1988). This can be confirmed when the amount of primates used in research had had increased from 2198 in year 1973 to 7908 births in year 1984 (Harvard Style, 1988).Vivisection is a waste of money.To do a research on animals is not cheap. People that are against animal testing are saying that instead of using animals, we should spend all this money on technology. Nowadays, there are computer that can demonstrate the human cell reaction (Dixon, 2000). But this wide-cut test cannot monitor the reaction of the medication or products on animals. This is a problem as we cannot sign how the animals and we will react toward those medications. What we can learn from the past is that animal experimentation had helped us to advance fleet in medicine and that live animals are the well-nigh reliable subjects for toxicity test. In country such as United States, all prescription drugs must be tested on animals before they are allowed into the market (Dixon, 2000). If animals testin g are banned, it would paralyse modern medicine, increase human suffering and endanger human health.It is clearly proven that animal testing had contributed many study and benefits to the medicine area. This information had helped humanity survived and live longer. Vivisection had indirectly helped to improve human health.3.1 New vaccines and treatment are discovered.Animal experimentation had started long time ago. Since then, many new vaccines have been discovered. One of the greatest discoveries is the cure for Polio. Polio is a contagious disease that had killed many people around the world since the ancient times. It is a dangerous disease and its most widespread outbreak occurred in the first half of the 1900s. In 1995, Jonas Salk had found the vaccines to prevent and cure polio (Harvard Style, 2000). This vaccine was found through animal testing. Rhesus monkey is used as the subject for the study of polio. The two researchers, Landsteiner and Popper proved that when the inj ection of spinal cord fluid from patients that are suffering from polio is inserted to the animals, it would paralyze them (Harvard Style, 1988).tec had come across the good solution when they decided that they have to immunize the animals first to protect them from the disease which in this case is polio. The Rhesus monkey was injected with polio virus and then a formalin-inactivated virus in injected to their infected brain suspensions. This will set the body to produce a modified live virus. This virus can be used for mass production of polio vaccines (Harvard Style, 1988). We can see that, experiment on Rhesus monkey had contributed a lot since many lives is safe since that. The use of monkeys had decreased considerably but it is still used sometimes to test the capacity of the virus to cause disease in our scatterbrained system.3.2 Help understand more about human system.Previously in surgery many mistakes that had caused exigency can be avoided. Vivisection had helped us to understand more about our system. Charles Sherrington had studied on our reflex actions and he had done that by experimenting on cats. This test had been continued by Eccles who had explained in great details on how our central dying(p) system locomotes (Harvard Style, 1988). At present, our surgeons can remove brain tumours with least monetary value to our motor system. This precious thing had happen through the research of Sherrington (Harvard Style, 1988).Basic research on animal are needed to find out ways to keep human and animal alive. It is extremely important to find out how the different organ and tissue in our body react towards any disease and even vaccines. In the past year, animal experimentation is needed to find out about our heart, kidney and renal system. Now, it has to be continued as there are a lot more to be discovered and this includes our brain. The brain is so far the most mysterious organs in our body and there are a lot more that we do not know about it. Thus, vivisection has to be continued as finding the essential information is the most important actions now to help find new medicine.Animals are different from people.People that are against animal testing stated that it is im workable for us to find neither cure nor vaccine through animal testing as animals are very different from us. However, mammals are descended from common ancestors and we are biologically same with them. By saying same is that we have the same organs such as heart, liver and kidney. These organs worked the same ways as our which is through bloodstream and nervous system. We cannot deny that there are minor differences between animals and animals but our similarities are much more than that. These differences may help us to overcome and find new cure. It is also proven that vitamins worked the same way in animals as they do in people (Harvard Style, 2000). When a research on guinea pig was conducted, we had discovered on how vitamin C works. There are also s ome animal hormones that can be used on human. One of them is thyrotropin from cows (Harvard Style, 2000).Laboratory animals are not only used for medication purposes. They are also necessary in accessing the base hit of household products, workplace chemicals, food addictive and cosmetics products. A product without any testing is considered dangerous as we cannot identify the side effects of them. There are some agencies that are monitoring the quality of products and this includes Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA monitors the gum elastic testing process for drugs, vaccine, food addictive and cosmetics. Some others agencies including Consumer Products Safety Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency monitor the other types of testing (ILAR, 2004).4.1 Defects and bad effect is avoidable.Without safety trial, a lot of bad consequences can happen. In 1933, a mascara brand called Lash Lure had caused more than one dozen women to become blind and one of them died. Thi s everlasting mascara contains a chemical called p-phenylenediamine which has never been through a safety trial before (ILAR, 2004). This chemical caused the users eye to become badly blistered, produces ulcers on the face, eye and eyelids thus cause blindness for majority of them. One cleaning woman had developed a bad infections and she had died because of it. Here we can see that, an untested chemicals used only in mascara can cause such a devastating effect. There are numerous products that we used both day and to not test them is like killing our own body. To use a product without intimate the side effects is suicidal.This is where animal safety test come in. Agencies including the FDA require all cosmetics products such as makeup, shampoos, soaps, hair sprays and dyes and shaving cream to be tested first before it is released (ILAR, 2004). All manufacturers have to prove the safety of their products before it can be sold. We can see that it is crucial to have a safety tria l as the effects can be so serious and lethal.4.2 It is immoral to use human as subject.So far, we do not discover any close substitute of human. It is not possible for us to use human as the subject of a safety trial. There are too many risks and there are also millions of possibilities of defects on new products. To use human and let them suffer pains is beyond acceptance. Human are too scared of risks and death. up to now though there are other picks than using animals especially primates as subject, these could not yet replace testing on these primates. There is one procedure called micro dosing where human beings were given a small dose of chemicals to see how the body will react towards the chemicals but these chemicals must undergo a toxic test using animals first before it can be done (Harvard Styles ,2009). Therefore, this procedure cannot replace animal testing completely.The most suitable subject for safety trial is monkeys and apes as they have the closest DNA match to us. Normally, safety trials for non-medical products use animals such as rabbits and mice. They are used to identify the outcome of new chemicals tested. Rabbits are sometimes used to test a new mascara product. This is required to make sure that there will be no flaw in the products.Animal testing is not required as there are other alternatives.Anti vivisections are saying that animal experimenting is not needed as there are many alternatives around such as computer modelling. There is also synthetic skin called Corrositex. However, this alternative seems unsufferable as we cannot reproduce complex diseases in cell culture or make the computer cough. We cannot even monitor a beating heart in a test-tube (Harvard Styles, 2010). It is also stated by law that animal testing is not required if there are other ways available. Even so, there are situations where using animals as subject is unavoidable. Our living body is so complicated and it is separate into so much part. So we need to understand on how they interact with each other and it is impossible for us to use human as the subject of experimentation.As a conclusion, we can say that vivisection should be morally accepted to develop products and medicines that benefit human beings. This decision was made as it should be establish on the arguments given above. Until now, we can say that vivisections are still needed as so far there is no advance technology to replace it yet. A lot more things need to be discovered and the only suitable method available is vivisection. Even though animals have to suffer pain when undergoing experimentation, it is the researchers best interests to make sure that the animals suffer minimum pain. This is because if they were too stressed, the results produced may not be reliable. It is required by law that any animals that suffered excessive pain have to be put down painlessly and immediately. This proved that we, human still have pity and moral value in us.Vivisections have co ntributed a lot for the benefits of human and animals. It had reduced the risks of human disease and this had substantially increase life expectancy. This is the results of animal experimentation. In the mean time, there are a lot of more that have to be learned. Further studies in such areas as cancer and HIV will continue to require the use of animals.Animal experimentation is recommended as a way to test medicine and products. It is so far the most suitable way to identify any defects on products compared to using human or computer.However, this report recommends further work to aim ways to reduce the amount of animals used in vivisection and at the same time maximize the information that we can get through it.Discover the new way on how experiments in carried out so that we can reduce the pain of the animals to the minimum.Find more alternative ways so that animals testing can be reduced.Animal testing can be reduced to the minimum level.So, this report recommends further work t oBan the unnecessary testing such as for cosmetics purposes.Reuse the existing data from the previous research so that new researches do not have to be conducted.Increase the usage of in-vitro in experimentation.This report also recommends further workIncrease the usage of newer scanning techniques such as MRI so that we can monitor the internal organs of humans.Reduce the amount of animal used in knowledge experimentation is school such as frog dissecting. 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